Question

Describe 3 general ways that cells use ATP (or its equivalent, GTP). For each of these general ways, explain 3 detailed examples (for a total of 9 examples)

Answer 1

Answer=

3 general ways that cells use ATP are as follows:

adenosine triphosphate is the immediate source of energy in an organism.

Animal cells use ATP in many different ways such as synthesis of new cells,synthesis of amino acids,active transport and for respiration.

plant cells use ATP for respiration ,photosynthesis and making cell walls.

1] Direct active transport - takes place in cells of organisms when ATP breaks down into ADP,the phosphate molecule attaches onto the carrier protein.

example- 1] Uptake of ions by root cells in plants.-This is achives a lower water potential inside the roots leading to movement of plants inside the cells

2]Co-transport takes place in the small intestine- where epithelial cells pump out sodium ions into the lumen by a sodium potassium pump.this requires ATP as it goes against the concentration gradient.sodium ions then travel

back down to the cell carrying a glucose molecule which can be used for respiration.

3] Uptake of mineral ions into the root hair cells of plants.

2] In photosynthesis =

1] During calvin cycle ATP is needed to reduce glycerate-3-phosphate into triose phosphate.this can be further be made into glucose and other organic molecules.

3] Respiration= is most important process in an organisms where glucose is broken down to make ATP.

example-1] Glycolysis is the first stage of respiration in which two molecules of ATP are needed to breakdown the hexose sugar into 2 molecules of pyruvate.

4] Muscle cells need to maintain the contraction action-when myosin heads binds to actin site it changes its direction of movement pulling the actin filament.

ATP attaches onto the myosin head and causes it to detached from the actin filament.

this is done by ATPase which breaks down ATP molecule into ADP ,the energy released from this hydrolysis reaction is used to detache myosin head.