Question

1. Define hunger, appetite, satiation, and satiety and describe how each influences food intake.

2. Describe each component of energy expenditure. What factors influence each? How can energy expenditure be estimated?

3. Distinguish between body weight and body composition.

4.  How do fat cells develop?

5. What are problems associated with being overweight? Underweight?

6. What factors contribute to a person being overweight or obese?

7. Explain the roles of water in the body.

8. How is blood volume and blood pressure maintained?

Write in paragrah form.

Answer 1

1. ANSWER

1. HUNGER- Although hunger is on the rise, many people in the developed world don’t really understand what it means to go hungry.

2. APPETITE- Appetite is a person’s general desire to eat food. A person’s appetite might dictate how much food they want to eat, as well as the type of food they feel like eating.

3. SATIATION- the act of completely satisfying yourself or a need, especially with food or pleasure: Try not to eat beyond the point of satiation. The appetite for internet stocks should reach satiation at some point.

4. SATIETY- Satiety is the satisfied feeling of being full after eating. Early satiety is feeling full sooner than normal or after eating less than usual.

INFLUENCE ON FOOD INTAKE

HUNGER- Food becomes more attractive when we're hungry and we seem particularly susceptible to the luring properties of high-energy dense food like pizza or chocolate. Hunger and satiety are important in controlling daily food intake and securing adequate amounts of energy and nutrients.

APPETITE- Appetite is important. It is your body's built-in mechanism for food intake regulation. Its job is to drive you to eat enough to meet your body's energy and micronutrient needs, and no more.

SATIATION- Satiation and satiety are part of the body's appetite control system and are involved in limiting energy intake. In addition to these episodic signals, satiety is also affected by fluctuations in hormones, such as leptin and insulin, which indicate the level of fat storage in the body.

SATIETY- Satiety is specifically the inhibitory effect of dietary consumption on appetite. The decrease in hunger or thirst must, by definition, have been caused by some consequence of ingestion. In studies of satiety it is not sufficient to record satiety ratings alone.

2. ANSWER

COMPONENTS OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE

Energy expenditure concerns calories burned versus calories consumed. Imbalances between the two determine weight loss, gain or maintenance. Bodies that store too much energy become overweight. One component of your expenditure is basal metabolic rate -- the energy you burn when inactive. The other two components are activity thermogenesis, which are the calories burned during activity, and the thermic effect of foods, which concerns calories used to digest foods you eat.

1. Basal Metabolic Rate

Basal metabolic rate has to be measured upon waking in a darkened room after 8 hours of sleep and 12 hours of fasting. It is more common to use the measure called resting metabolic rate, or RMR, when calculating total energy expenditure, because RMR doesn't require sleeping overnight in a testing facility.

2. Activity Thermogenesis

Estimates of activity thermogenesis are based on energy use during vigorous activities as well as NEAT activities throughout the day. Certified strength and conditioning specialist Jacob Wilson, who works with body builders, notes that NEAT activities, such as standing and pacing during work, consume more calories than sitting.

3. Thermogenic Foods

The body uses lots of energy when it processes certain unrefined foods, including lean meats, vegetables and whole grains. For some foods, including broccoli, celery, lemon water and salsa, this process may burn more calories than they contain. In effect, they become zero-calorie foods that help you stay full and healthy while losing or maintaining weight.

FACTOR THAT INFLUENCE EACH

1. BASIC METABOLIC RATE

1. Muscle mass

2. age

3. body size

4. gender

5. genetics

6. physical activity

7. hormonal factor

8. environment factor

9. drugs

10. diet

2. ACTIVITY THERMOGENESIS

Cold exposure, pharmacological conditions, and lifestyle can enhance non-shivering thermogenesis and metabolism via some mechanisms. However, environmental pollutants, such as ambient fine particulates and ozone, may impair the function of these thermogenic adipose tissues and thereby induce metabolic dysfunction.

3. THERMOGENIC FOOD

Factors influencing the thermic effect of food. Age, physical activity, and meal size, composition, frequency, and timing all influence the thermic effect of food and are described next. a. Age: TEF may decrease with age.

energy expenditure be estimated?

Energy expenditure can be estimated by measuring macronutrient or oxygen consumption, or heat production or carbon dioxide production. Most measurement approaches in use today involve the measurement of oxygen consumption and/or production of carbon dioxide via indirect calorimetry.

Resting energy expenditure

Resting energy expenditure or RMR represents the largest proportion of TEE. Simply defined, REE represents the energy expended at rest by a fasted individual in a thermo-neutral environment. RMR is typically slightly higher than basal metabolic rate (BMR) that is measured under stricter conditions.

ANSWER 3

body weight and body composition.

First, let's sort out the difference between body weight and body composition (not to be confused with body mass index, which is your body weight divided by height). Your body weight is simply your body's total mass. Body composition is what your weight is made of—muscle, bone, water, and fat.

It’s simple- body composition will ALWAYS determine how good your physique looks, not body weight. It all comes down to the type of physique that you want and how long you’re willing to work and wait to get it.

One thing will always be certain though…the lower your body fat percentage is the better you’ll look, which is not necessarily true about your body weight.

Your body composition is simply the ratio of your muscle to fat (body fat %).

Main reason being is that muscle is much more dense and heavier than fat (about 5x heavier in fact), so 10 pounds of muscle is much much smaller than 10 pounds of fat and it works the same when it’s on your body

a competitive body builder or make weight for a sport you’re in, stop worrying so much about your weight and start trusting the process. It takes time, but if you focus more on your body composition rather than your body weight you’ll not only see more of your true results, but keep your sanity as well! If you’re curious on how to test your body composition,

the second most accurate method to testing body composition. Under-water hydro-static weighing is the most accurate method, but is very costly and is usually only done by major athletic training facilities and human performance clinics.

ANSWER 4.

fat cells develop?

Establishment of adipose tissue occurs with the development of such cells and the gradual accumulation of fat within the cell until the age of 6-12 months postnatally. In studies of obesity, increasing emphasis has been placed on the development of adipose tissue during early infancy.

New fat cells are created quickly, but dieting can't eliminate them. Once fat cells form, they might shrink during weight loss, but they do not disappear, a fact that has derailed many a diet.

During growth, fat cells increase in number. When energy intake exceeds expenditure, fat cells increase in size. With fat loss, the size of the fat cells shrinks, but not the number.

During infancy and adolescence, adipose tissue is growing by a combination of increase in fat cell size an the number of these cells. In adults, fat cell number is constant over time in spite of a large turnover (about 10% of the fat cells per year) when body weight is stable

ANSWER 5.

problems associated with being overweight

Although there may be some genetic factors involved, the key reasons why many of us are increasing in weight include:

1. eating larger serves of meals and snacks

2. consuming food or drinks that are high in energy (kilojoules)

3. not being as physically active.

Along with affecting our daily health, wellbeing, energy and fitness levels, being overweight can over time greatly increase our risk factors for health problems and diseases such as:

1. type-2 diabetes

2. heart disease

3. high blood pressure

4. high blood cholesterol levels

5. gall bladder disease

6. Some cancers

7. arthritis

8. sleeping problems

9. sexual health problems.

problems associated with being under weight

Those who are overweight or obese feel that they are the only ones who have to work hard to get into shape and be fit. On the other end of the spectrum there are those who are underweight and want to get into shape by gaining weight. Both of these are problems in themselves

Knowing that obesity has become rampant and so many people struggle with it all over the world, being underweight might seem like a good idea. The fact is, that it is a terrible idea. Though fat has a bad reputation, the fat in your body is nothing but stored energy. People who are underweight and do not have fat deposits on their body may not be getting enough calories to fuel their body. This could have a direct impact on all of their organs and may eventually lead to a variety of health problems.

Here are some of the most common problems related to underweight:

Problems with growth: Men and women who weigh less than their ideal weight may experience inhibited growth. Their development is usually very slow. In children especially, the body needs a lot of energy to keep growing normally.

There are certain health risks associated with being underweight or having poor nutrition.

These problem are include:

1. malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, or anemia

2. osteoporosis from too little vitamin D and calcium

3. decreased immune function

4. increased risk for complications from surgery

5. fertility issues caused by irregular menstrual cycles

6. growth and development issues, especially in children and teenagers

ANSWER 6.

factors contribute to a person being overweight or obese?

A number of factors can play a role in weight gain. These include diet, lack of exercise, factors in a person’s environment, and genetics. Some of these factors are discussed briefly below. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute offers more information on the causes of overweight and obesity.

Food and Activity

People gain weight when they eat more calories than they burn through activity. This imbalance is the greatest contributor to weight gain.

Environment

The world around us influences our ability to maintain a healthy weight. For example:

1. Not having area parks, sidewalks, and affordable gyms makes it hard for people to be physically active.

2. Oversized food portions increase Americans’ calorie intake, making even more physical activity necessary to maintain a healthy weight.

3. Some people don’t have access to supermarkets that sell affordable healthy foods, such as fresh fruits and vegetables.

4. Food advertising encourages people to buy unhealthy foods, such as high-fat snacks and sugary drinks.

Genetics

Research shows that genetics plays a role in obesity. Genes can directly cause obesity in such disorders as Prader-Willi syndrome.

Health Conditions and Medications

Some hormone problems may cause overweight and obesity, such as underactive thyroid, Cushing syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Certain medicines also may cause weight gain, including some corticosteroids, antidepressants, and seizure medicines.

Stress, Emotional Factors, and Poor Sleep

Some people eat more than usual when they are bored, angry, upset, or stressed.

Studies also have found that the less people sleep, the more likely they are to be overweight or obese. This is partly because hormones that are released during sleep control appetite and the body’s use of energy.

ANSWER 7.

ROLE OF WATER IN BODY

Water carries nutrients to all cells in our body and oxygen to our brain. Water allows the body to absorb and assimilate minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose and other substances. Water flushes out toxins and waste. Water helps to regulate body temperature.

Water helps nearly every part of the human body function efficiently. Considering that our bodies are almost two-thirds water, it’s important to understand water's role in a healthy lifestyle. Here are just some of the things water does in your body:

1. Your brain is 75% water.

2. Bones are 22% water.

3. Muscles are 75% water.

4. Your blood is 92% water.

5. Water carries nutrients and oxygen to all cells in the body.

6. Water is required for breathing.

7. Water moistens oxygen for breathing.

8. Water regulates your body temperature.

9. Water protects and cushions vital organs.

10. Water cushions joints.

11. Water helps to convert food into energy.

12. Water helps your body absorb nutrients.

13. Water removes waste.

ANSWER 8.

How is blood volume and blood pressure maintained

The kidneys provide a hormonal mechanism for the regulation of blood pressure by managing blood volume. The renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system of the kidneys regulates blood volume. In response to rising blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys secrete renin into the blood.

To maintain blood volume within a normal range, the kidneys regulate the amount of water and sodium lost into the urine. For example, if excessive water and sodium are ingested, the kidneys normally respond by excreting more water and sodium into the urine.

Adults: The average adult weighing 150 to 180 pounds should have about 1.2 to 1.5 gallons of blood in their body.

Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls. The force is generated with each heartbeat as blood is pumped from the heart into the blood vessels. The size and elasticity of the artery walls also affect blood pressure.

normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm of hg