Question

1. How do the presence of polar vs. nonpolar covalent bonds affect the structure and function of molecules that make up the cell such as the cell membrane , proteins of different kinds , and DNA? What is the contribution of hydrogen bonds to these molecules?

2. Which macromolecules are involved in the processes of transcription and translation? Describe similarities and differences between them.

3.What parts of the cell are involved in complex cellular process such as respiration , photosynthesis , and mitosis/meiosis in eukaryotes?

4.How do the concepts of selective permeability, diffusion, active transport, and membrane structure relate to a neuron’s ability to produce action potentials, and the mitochondia and chloroplasts’ ability to produce ATP via electron transport and chemiosmosis?

Answer 1

ANS (2)- Macromolecules---> These are the large molecules comprises of thousands of atoms bonded together. examples- proteins, nucleic acid, carbohydrates, and lipids.

• Macromolecules that are involved in transcription and translation are protein, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA ).
• Transcription is the process through which mRNA is formed from the DNA template.
• Translation is the process which utilizes the mRNA (form through transcription) for the synthesis of protein.

AMINO ACIDS (Protein subunits)	NUCLEIC ACID (DNA and RNA subunits)
These are the subunits/ building blocks of proteins.	It is a complex organic molecule such as DNA and RNA, serves as a genetic material for living beings.
It is a monomer unit.	It is a polymer unit.
comprises of C,H,O,N and S	Comprises of C,H,O,N,P
Having a carboxylic and amino group.	Having pentose sugar, phosphate bases, and nitrogenous bases.
20 amino acids use protein synthesis.	They are only RNA and DNA.
Some amino acids synthesis through body and rest obtain from diet.	It synthesis inside the cell, not taken from diet.
Amino acids are used as a building block for protein synthesis.	Nucleic acid preserves the genetic information of a cell and used it in protein synthesis from mRNA.