Question

breakdown the movement at each joint during each phase of the movement. Cervical, Lumbar, Shoulder Girdle, Shoulder Joint, Elbow, Radioulnar, Wrist, Fingers, Hip, Knee, Ankle/Subtalar, Toes & the phases of movement Stance phase, Preparatory phase, Movement phase, and Follow-through phase and whether the contractions are isometric, concentric, or eccentric.

Answer 1

Ans.

the human skeleton is made up of different shaped bones that align with each other. The point where bones align (articulate) is called a joint.

It is the joints within our bodies that allow movement to occur so that we can sit, walk, run, talk etc. However before we look at the joints of the body in closer detail there are some movment terms that a;; personal trainers need to know (and occasionally 'refresh' their knowledge of).

The planes of movement

Movements of the human body are often described in terms of the ‘plane’ in which they pass through. There are three planes of the human body, these planes are shown in the following table.

Frontal	Transverse	Sagittal
Description The frontal plane passes through the body from left to right, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions.	Description The transverse plane passes through the body in a line parallel to the floor, dividing the body into top and bottom portions.	Description The sagittal plane passes through the body from front to back, dividing the body into left and right portions.
Example Side to side movements occur in the frontal plane, such as raising your arms or legs out to the side like in a star jump.	Example Twisting or rotational movements occur in the transverse plane, such as twisting your head from side to side.	Example Front to back movements occur in the sagittal plane, such as walking, pushing, pulling and squatting.

Joint actions

Knowing how the body moves and the actions that various joints allow is crucial for safe and effective exercise instruction. Some of the key joint actions that you should know are detailed in the following tables.

Flexion: Refers to movement where the angle between two bones decreases. Flexion is commonly known as bending.
Extension: Refers to movement where the angle between two bones increases. Extension is otherwise known as straightening.

Horizontal flexion: Refers to movement where the angle between two bones decreases and on the horizontal plane.
Horizontal extension: Refers to movement where the angle between two bones increases and occurs on the horizontal plane.

Lateral Flexion: Refers to movement of the spine laterally away from the midline of the body. This can be seen when we bend to one side.

Abduction: Is movement of a body segment away from the midline of the body.
Adduction: Is movement of a body segment toward the midline of the body.
Circumduction: This is a movement where the joint is the pivot and the body segment moves in a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction.

Protraction:   This is forward movement of the scapula that results in ‘hunching’ of the shoulders.
Retraction: This is backward movement of the scapula as they pull together to ‘square’ the shoulders and push the chest out.

Elevation: Refers to the raising of the scapula to a more superior level (shrugging the shoulders).
Depression: Refers to the scapula moving to a more inferior position as they are pulled downwards.

Supination: Hand – movement so the palm of the hand faces upward or forward (anteriorly). Foot – combination of inversion, plantar flexion and adduction of the foot occurring at the same time.
Pronation: Hand – movement so the palm of the hand faces downward or backward (posteriorly). Foot – combination of eversion, dorsiflexion and abduction of the foot occurring at the same time.

Plantar flexion: Is moving the top of the foot away from the shin or ‘pointing’ the toes.
Dorsiflexion: Is moving the top of the foot toward the shin or ‘raising’ the toes.

Eversion: Is the movement of the foot to bring the sole of the foot to face outward.
Inversion: Is the movement of the foot to bring the sole of the foot to face inward.

Rotation: Refers to a pivoting or ‘twisting’ movement. Rotation is broken down further into medial and lateral rotation.

Medial rotation: The movement of a body segment where the front (anterior) of the segment rotates medially (inwards) towards the midline of the body.
Lateral rotation: The movement of a body segment where the front (anterior) of the segment rotates laterally (outwards) away from the midline of the body.