Question

the biological basis of the peanut allergy

In this section you should describe the biology of your specific allergy/intolerance. This should include:

1. What food(s) cause a reaction. Be sure to include a description of the biochemical components of the food(s) that cause a reaction.

This section should also examine the genetic and epigenetic basis of your
            allergy/intolerance and include:

1. Is your allergy/intolerance passed on from generation to generation? How do you know?
2. What is the pattern of inheritance?
3. What is epigenetics and does epigenetic information affect or cause your allergy/intolerance?

Finally, this section should include information about how the microbiota of your body affect your allergy/intolerance.

Answer 1

The exaggerated responce of our immune system to some of the pollutents in the environment is called as allergy. When a harmless substance such as dust, mold, or pollen is encountered by a person who is allergic to that substance, the immune system may over react by producing antibodies that "attack" the allergen. The can cause wheezing, itching, runny nose, watery or itchy eyes, and other symptoms.

Main allergy symptoms are:-sneezing and an itchy, runny or blocked nose (allergic rhinitis), itchy, red, watering eyes (conjunctivitis),wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath and a cough,a raised, itchy, red rash (hives), swollen lips, tongue, eyes or face, tummy pain, feeling sick, vomiting or diarrhoea.

Foods that most commonly cause an allergic reaction are:

• milk.
• eggs.
• peanuts.
• tree nuts.
• fish.
• shellfish.
• some fruit and vegetables.

Allergies occur when immunoglobulin E (IgE), part of the body's immune system, binds to food molecules. A protein in the food is usually the problem. This triggers the release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine. The most important allergens are found in beta- lactoglobulin (60-80% of cow's milk allergic patients), casein (60%), lactalbumin (50%), and bovine serum albumin (50%) according to several investigators. Others claim that bovine serum albumin, casein, and bovine gammaglobulin rank the highest.

The tendency to develop allergies is often hereditary, which means it can be passed down through genes from parents to their kids. But just because you, your partner, or one of your children might have allergies doesn't mean that all of your kids will definitely get them.Allergy and related diseases are highly heritable, and our understanding of the specific genetic background has improved in recent years due to identification of common risk variants from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and increased understanding of rare, allergy-related monogenic diseases.

Allergies are an inherited trait and lifelong disease, the result of an immune system imbalance. The tendency to develop allergies is a dominant genetic trait. When one parent is allergic, there's an increased likelihood that his or her offspring will also be allergic.

The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself is called as epigenetic

More studies are needed to confirm these results in humans, the findings suggest that epigenetic imprinting does occur in the immune system and can lead to a higher level of allergic sensitivity. Epigenetic imprinting in utero is affected by other environmental factors such as a mother's diet.

Microbiota are "ecological communities of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms" found in and on all multicellular organisms studied to date from plants to animals. Microbiota includes bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi and viruses.

New research reinforces the idea that the absence of certain bacteria in the gut can cause food allergy, a condition that affects millions of people. The study also suggests that replenishing key gut bacteria could offer a way to treat food allergy.

Allergies and asthma may start in your gut. Upset the gut's natural mix of helpful bacteria and fungi, and allergies and asthma may develop. According to researchers, the rates of allergies and asthma have increased.The microbiota is a highly dynamic environment influenced by multiple environmental and dietary factors, with a complex role in allergic diseases. Further studies with larger number of well-characterized patients and controls are needed to dissect the role of microbiome in allergic diseases are the performance. Despite some limitations, interventions with probiotics, prebiotics, and/or synbiotics show promise for the development of a preventive therapy, either by restoring altered microbiome functionality due to dysbiosis or as a boosting of immunological system in specific immunotherapy.