Question

1a.Why is maternal mortality not a rate but a ratio?

2.Differentiate between incidence risk and incidence rate

c.According to Johan Giesecke "epidemiology is putting people in groups",Discuss.

d.Use your knowledge in epidemiology to prevent the further spread of covid-19 pandemic in Ghana

e.Differentiate between field and community trials

Answer 1

1.Maternal mortality ratio is the number of maternal deaths (direct and indirect) in a given period per 100,000 women of reproductive age during the same time period.Maternal mortality rate is the number of resident maternal deaths within 42 days of pregnancy termination due to complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium in a specified geographic area (country, state, county, etc.)A ratio, therefore, is simply the value obtained by dividing one quantity by another. Since it is not possible to calculate accurately maternal mortality rate because it is not practicable to measure all pregnancies which is the denominator for rate, we have accepted maternal mortality ratio as its proxy.

2.Incidence risk is the total number of new cases divided by the population at risk at the beginning of the observation period. For example, if one hundred sow farms were followed for a year, and during this time 10 sow farms broke with a disease, then the incidence risk for that disease was 0.1 or 10%. The incidence rate is the rate of contracting the disease among those still at risk. ... Person-time at risk is a measure of the number of persons at risk during the given time-period.

3. According to Johan , people should be put in groups , inorder to study the patternand frequency of the disease distribution in different age groups.

4. Proper isolation of the infected persons, create a good awarness mong the public works well for the further spread of the pandemic. Infected persons should be treated well and his close members should be quarantined. Strict rule on the usage of masks and less public contacts with social distancing can help to control the pandemic.

5.A field trial involves evaluation of whether an agent or procedure reduces the risk of developing disease among those free from that condition at enrollment. They are used as trials to test health education methods, training procedures or other public health programs

Community trials, also called community intervention studies, are (mostly preventive) experimental studies with whole communities (such as cities or states) as experimental units; that is, interventions are assigned to all members in each of a number of communities.

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