Question

1. what is genome sequencing? what do we now know about the human genome from sequencing it?

2. explain different applications of genomics. What are SNPs is and how are they useful?

3. what are the uses of biotechnology in medicine?

Answer 1

Hi Answer:

Q. 1. what is genome sequencing? what do we now know about the human genome from sequencing it?

Answer: The genome sequencing is the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism’s genome in a single time. The genome sequencing is used for the genome-wide association studies, to determine the mutations in the genome and other diagnostic uses.

Human Genome Sequencing: The Human Genome sequencing is carried out under a big project named as Human Genome Project (HGP) is the project to sequence the complete human genome. HGP was coordinated by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy. The project was started in 1990 and completed in 2003. This project was completed 2 years before its scheduled completion time. It was a multinational project and its international contributors were some universities of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and China. The HGP results help scientists to understand the blueprint of human generation. Researchers and scientist understand much more efficiently about the working of genes and protein production. HGP results open new windows in the field of medical science, biotechnology, and life sciences. The major aim of HGP is to identify and sequence all the genes i.e. about 30,000 genes of the human genome and store that information in a database.

Importance of Human Genome Sequencing Project:

The results of HGP have even enabled researchers to describe the exact cause of the particular disorder or presence of an error in the gene.

HGP increase the efficiency of biotechnological researchers who are working to find out the solution to some hereditary disease.

Help in improving diagnosis, prognostic, treatments, and prevention of disease.

Q. 2. Explain different applications of genomics. What are SNPs is and how are they useful?

Answer: The genomics is the branch of molecular biology which deals with the structural, functional, evolutional as well as mapping studies of the genome. The most common applications of genomics are in medicine, synthetic biology and bioengineering.

In medicines: The genomics data collected from a population group make more clear the gene organization and their expressions to the clinician and biomedical researchers so to cure a particular disease the drugs according to the genomics can be prescribed or even generated.

Synthetic biology and bioengineering: Genomics played a very important role in of synthetic biology or bioengineering researchers created the genetically engineered viral and bacterial vectors which trigger the immunogenic response in the host without causing any disease. This technique is very much useful in vaccine research.

What are SNPs is and how are they useful?

The SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism’s)are the most common type of genetic variation found in the people. Every SNP differ from each other by a single nucleotide. In human, the average SNPs occurs after every 300 nucleotides and there are about 10 million SNPs present in full human genome. These SNPs have no effect on health or development of the organisms. SNPs have importance in biomedical research, Forensics, Pharmacogenetics.

Q. 3. what are the uses of biotechnology in medicine?

Answer: Biotechnology is the branch of biology which deals with the combination of various techniques with the biology. There are many uses of biotechnology in medicine such as gene detection and gene therapy, Vaccine production, Antibiotic production, Hormone production.

Gene detection and Gene therapy: As we know that there is a gene responsible for the production of proteins if a person has some particular problem related to the gene expression then with the help if genomics we can detect the defected gene and by using various tools of biotechnology we can cure or replace the gene. This whole repair or replacement of gene of an organism is called gene therapy.

Vaccine production: Various recombinant vaccines which are used for the immunization are produced with the help of biotechnology. An example is the hepatitis vaccine and cholera vaccine etc.

Antibiotic production: With the help of biotechnology the hyper production of antibiotics are produced from the engineered bacterial species.

Hormone production: Various hormones are produced from a recombinant organism example human insulin is produced from engineered E.coli this is possible only due to biotechnology.