Question

Please answer all discussion questions.

1. How do nurses’ own cultural values and beliefs affect their nursing care? Give specific examples of attitudes and their potential consequences.
2. Discuss the ways in which the nursing process serves as the framework for the practice of professional nursing.
3. What maternal risk factors could put an infant at risk for sudden infant death? What are some ways to reduce the risk of sudden infant death?

Answer 1

Ans. 1. Culture is a collection of learned, adaptive, and socially and intergenerationally transmitted behaviors, values, beliefs, and customs that form the context from which a group interprets the human experience. Culture includes language, communication style, traditions, religions, art, music, dress, health beliefs, and health practices. These components can be shared by members of an ethnic, racial, social, or religious group.

Ethnicity, the bond or kinship people feel with their country of birth or place of ancestral origin, affects culture. Ethnicity exists whether or not a person has ever lived outside the United States.

Cultural nursing care involves the delivery of care that transcends cultural boundaries and considers a client’s culture as it affects health, illness, and lifestyle. Communication, dietary preferences, and dress are influenced by culture.

Within the context of cultural nursing care is terminology that describes how nurses approach clients’ culture. Culturally sensitive means that nurses are knowledgeable about the cultures prevalent in their area of practice. Culturally appropriate means that nurses apply their knowledge of a client’s culture to their care delivery. Culturally competent means that nurses understand and address the entire cultural context of each client within the realm of the care they deliver.

Culture influences health beliefs, health practices, and the manifestations of, responses to, and treatment of illness or injury. Culture evolves over time and is shared by a group who has similar needs and life experiences.

Cultural nursing care improves communication, fosters mutual respect, promotes sensitive and effective care, and increases adherence with the treatment plan as clients’ and families’ needs are met.

Many cultures consider the mind-body-spirit to be a single entity; therefore, no distinction is made between physical and mental illness.

Differences in language, habits, customs, attitudes, and beliefs can lead to clients’ feelings of isolation and loneliness. This is especially true for children who cannot resolve their illness-related grief issues because of cultural barriers, which can lead to posttraumatic stress disorder or depression.

Nurses often care for clients whose value systems conflict with their self values and beliefs. For example, a patient with a value system of “grin and bear it” may be insulted by a nurse’s attempt to offer pain medication. In order to ascertain those things are meaningful to the patient, the nurse must have understanding of clients’ values system. The nurse should not impose personal values on the patients.

For example touching of the patient is part of serving in therapeutic relationship with patients but comforting by touching was considered by patients as not important caring behaviour. This may be considered to cultural taboos in some others religious beliefs and values especially the segregation of man and woman. This was apparent in male patient admitted to males ward but having both male and female nurses. However, touching female patients by female nurse was considered acceptable.

Ans.2.   Nursing ProcessThe steps of the nursing process are in place to ensure that patient care is organized and comprehensive.Although each step of the nursing process has a unique purpose, they are all interdependent. Each step requires information from the others in order to develop an effective plan of care. At each step of the nursing process, revisions to the plan of care may occur.

As the steps overlap and require thoughtful consideration, nurses need to think critically and use sound clinical judgment in maintaining accuracy and effectiveness of patients’ data at each transition.

The nursing process involves assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.

Assessment :- Gather data through observation, interviews, and physical assessment.

Diagnosis :- Analyze, validate, and cluster data to identify patient problems. Select and identify nursing diagnoses.

Planning :- Prioritize nursing diagnoses and set realistic, measurable, patient-focused short- and long-term goals or outcomes.

Implementation :- Initiate interventions and treatments to help patients achieve established goals or outcomes.

Evaluation :- Evaluate goals, determine effectiveness of interventions, and decide if plan of care needs to be revised.

Ams. 3. Overheating while sleeping. too soft a sleeping surface, with fluffy blankets or toys. mothers who smoke during pregnancy (three times more likely to have a baby with SIDS) exposure to passive smoke from smoking by mothers, fathers, and others in the household doubles a baby's risk of SIDS.

Maternal risk factors include:

Advanced maternal age at delivery, or young mothers, Abnormal maternal lab values,

Immune and nonimmune hydropsvaginal bleeding,

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus,

Hypertension, preeclampsia,

Systemic disease,

Smoking,

Co sleeping.

Ans. 4. SIDS cause is still unknown, but seen a decrease in SIDS with the position of baby is lying down in.

Back to sleep:-   Place your baby to sleep on his or her back, rather than on the stomach or side, every time you — or anyone else put the baby to sleep for the first year of life. This isn't necessary when your baby's awake or able to roll over both ways without help.

Keep the crib as bare as possible :-   Use a firm mattress and avoid placing your baby on thick, fluffy padding, such as lambskin or a thick quilt. Don't leave pillows, fluffy toys or stuffed animals in the crib. These can interfere with breathing if your baby's face presses against them.

Don't overheat your baby :- To keep your baby warm, try a sleep sack or other sleep clothing that doesn't require additional covers. Don't cover your baby's head.

Have your baby sleep in in your room :- Ideally, your baby should sleep in your room with you, but alone in a crib, bassinet or other structure designed for infant sleep, for at least six months, and, if possible, up to a year.

Breast-feed your baby, if possible :- Breast-feeding for at least six months lowers the risk of SIDS.

Immunize your baby :- There's no evidence that routine immunizations increase SIDS risk. Some evidence indicates immunizations can help prevent SIDS