Question

Please answer all discussion questions.

1. How do nurses’ own cultural values and beliefs affect their nursing care? Give specific examples of attitudes and their potential consequences.
2. Discuss the ways in which the nursing process serves as the framework for the practice of professional nursing.
3. What maternal risk factors could put an infant at risk for sudden infant death? What are some ways to reduce the risk of sudden infant death?. Provide two reference articles

Answer 1

Ans. Nurses’ personal values and beliefs should not interfere with the delivery of their nursing care when preparing the care of critically ill patient and family.

The nursing role has changed much over the years. With the progress of health standards and professional care, nurses must have an understanding of individual’s cultural values and family relationships.

Cultural values refer to enduring ideals or belief systems to which a person or society is involved. Cultural practices identify specific nursing approaches on how nurses should provide care in the situation. The dimensions of culturally competent care are caring, cultural sensitivity, cultural knowledge and skills. Nurses can learn to become culturally competent in their care.

A therapeutic nurse-patient relationship is the foundation of nursing practice. It contributes to patient well being and their health. Conflict can interfere these collaborative relationship between the nurse and the patients’ families by different cultural values, beliefs and family relationships. Good communication skills and knowledge of cultural sensitivity in nurses can prevent conflict in caring patients.

Nurses often care for clients whose value systems conflict with their self values and beliefs. For example, a patient with a value system of “grin and bear it” may be insulted by a nurse’s attempt to offer pain medication. In order to ascertain those things are meaningful to the patient, the nurse must have understanding of clients’ values system. The nurse should not impose personal values on the patients.

When families face tough situation, including health problems, their religious belief and practice can help them fight feelings of helplessness to promote regaining a sense of control. For some families, spirituality can be a powerful and important source of strength. Nurses must accept, learn to expect and encourage increased participation of the patient and family in actual care without conflict with personal values and belief. Caring behaviour is very important but that went beyond to a more cultural expectation of caring with patient’s beliefs and values.

For example touching of the patient is part of serving in therapeutic relationship with patients but comforting by touching was considered by patients as not important caring behaviour. This may be considered to cultural taboos in some others religious beliefs and values especially the segregation of man and woman. This was apparent in male patient admitted to males ward but having both male and female nurses. However, touching female patients by female nurse was considered acceptable.

The nurse’s as well as the patient’s culture, religion, race, educational background, beliefs, values and expectation all play a part in the nurse’s reaction to the patient. The same influencing factors play a part in the patient’s reaction to the nurse. It is important to recognised that each patient responds differently to nurses. Not every patient will communicate their feelings and needs. It is the responsibility of the nurse to keep the opportunity that communication to be opened.

Ans. This lesson discusses each of the five steps of the nursing process. The nursing process is the method by which professional nurses systematically identify and address actual or potential patient problems.The nurse needs to use the nursing process effectively, as it is the basis of contemporary nursing practice. To do so requires the nurse to have extensive knowledge of standardized nursing diagnosis terminology, the ability to implement evidence-based practice, and the ability to evaluate patient responses to interventions.

Describe the five steps in the nursing process.

Five Steps of the Nursing ProcessThe steps of the nursing process are in place to ensure that patient care is organized and comprehensive.Although each step of the nursing process has a unique purpose, they are all interdependent. Each step requires information from the others in order to develop an effective plan of care. At each step of the nursing process, revisions to the plan of care may occur.

As the steps overlap and require thoughtful consideration, nurses need to think critically and use sound clinical judgment in maintaining accuracy and effectiveness of patients’ data at each transition.

The nursing process involves assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.

Assessment :- Gather data through observation, interviews, and physical assessment.

Diagnosis :- Analyze, validate, and cluster data to identify patient problems. Select and identify nursing diagnoses.

Planning :- Prioritize nursing diagnoses and set realistic, measurable, patient-focused short- and long-term goals or outcomes.

Implementation :- Initiate interventions and treatments to help patients achieve established goals or outcomes.

Evaluation :- Evaluate goals, determine effectiveness of interventions, and decide if plan of care needs to be revised.

Ans .3. overheating while sleeping. too soft a sleeping surface, with fluffy blankets or toys. mothers who smoke during pregnancy (three times more likely to have a baby with SIDS) exposure to passive smoke from smoking by mothers, fathers, and others in the household doubles a baby's risk of SIDS.

Maternal risk factors include:

Advanced maternal age at delivery, or young mothers,

Abnormal maternal lab values,

Immune and nonimmune hydropsvaginal bleeding,

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus,

Hypertension, preeclampsia,

Systemic disease,

Smoking,

Co sleeping.

SIDS cause is still unknown, but seen a decrease in SIDS with the position of baby is lying down in.

Back to sleep :-   Place your baby to sleep on his or her back, rather than on the stomach or side, every time you — or anyone else put the baby to sleep for the first year of life.

Keep the crib as bare as possible :- Use a firm mattress and avoid placing your baby on thick, fluffy padding, such as lambskin or a thick quilt. Don't leave pillows, fluffy toys or stuffed animals in the crib. These can interfere with breathing if your baby's face presses against them.

Don't overheat your baby :- To keep your baby warm, try a sleep sack or other sleep clothing that doesn't require additional covers. Don't cover your baby's head.

Have your baby sleep in in your room :- Ideally, your baby should sleep in your room with you, but alone in a crib, bassinet or other structure designed for infant sleep, for at least six months, and, if possible, up to a year.

Breast-feed your baby, if possible :- Breast-feeding for at least six months lowers the risk of SIDS.

Offer a pacifier :-   Sucking on a pacifier without a strap or string at naptime and bedtime might reduce the risk of SIDS.

Immunize your baby :- There's no evidence that routine immunizations increase SIDS risk. Some evidence indicates immunizations can help prevent SIDS.