Question

Question 5

This type of cancer is responsible for the most deaths nationwide among women.

1. Ovarian
2. Breast
3. Lung
4. Pancreatic
5. Colon

Question 17

Which of the following is a clear/correct designation for cancerous cells? Choose all that apply.

1. adenoma
2. liposarcoma
3. tumor
4. dysplasia
5. Papilloma
6. Leukemia

Question 31

Which of the following would be considered an 'Emerging' cancer hallmark? Choose all that apply.

1. The ability of tumors to metastasize to secondary sites
2. The ability of tumor cells to downregulate the activity of T cells
3. the finding that tumor cells can evade apoptosis
4. the preference of lactate fermentation in tumor cells

Question 52

The 'Respiratory Burst' that occurs during inflammation (choose all that apply):

1. Is triggered during phagocytosis of pathogens
2. involves the inactivation of myeloperoxidase
3. causes the accumulation of nitric oxide and hypochlorite
4. is believed to contribute to angiogenesis
5. is believed to contribute to tumorigenesis

Question 60

Chronic inflammation has been observed to play a role in promoting which of the following?

1. tumor cell proliferation
2. tumor cell genetic mutations
3. angiogenesis
4. metastasis
5. All of the above.

Question 73

Which of the following is not a common symptom of pancreatic cancer?

1. lower back pain
2. jaundice
3. bloody stools
4. diabetes
5. obstructed bile duct

Question 82

CD8+ and CD4+ activation can be inhibited when ______________ on tumor cells cause:

1. MHC receptors ; a downregulation of Programmed Death (PD) ligand expression on T cell membranes
2. Programmed death ligand (PDL-1) molecules ; a downregulation of Akt/PI3K-mediated growth/proliferation
3. T cell ; the activation of NK cells
4. None of the above.

Answer 1

Question 5

This type of cancer is responsible for the most deaths nationwide among women.

1. Ovarian

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among women with gynecologic cancers. Although lifetime risk of ovarian cancer in the general population is relatively low (1.4%) [1], it is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths among women in Canada, with a 5-year survival rate of 44% [2] compared with nearly 90% [3]for breast cancer, more than 80% [2] for endometrial cancer, and nearly 73% [2] for cervical cancer. While survival is much improved when ovarian cancer is detected in the early stages, there are presently no effective screening methods demonstrated to reduce mortality [4]. Ovarian cancer is also largely asymptomatic in early stages, thus approximately 70% of women are diagnosed when the disease is already at advanced stages

17. B. Liposarcoma is a malignant tumor. ... These include vital organs and tissues surrounding the original tumor. If left untreated, liposarcoma can be life-threatening. Early detection and treatment are very important.

A noncancerous growth (adenoma) on a gland is the most common cause. Enlargement (hyperplasia) of two or more parathyroid glands accounts for most other cases. A cancerous tumor is a very rare cause of primary hyperparathyroidism.

a swelling of a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue, whether benign or malignant.

the presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue, which may signify a stage preceding the development of cancer.

Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow. Bone marrow produces blood cells. Leukemia can develop due to a problem with blood cell production. It usually affects the leukocytes, or white blood cells.

31.'Emerging' cancer hallmark

The ability of tumors to metastasize to secondary sites

In our last post, we detailed the 6 Hallmarks of Cancer originally described in 2001. In the 2011 update researchers added two ‘enabling characteristics’ and two ’emerging hallmarks’. The two enabling characteristics are not hallmarks, but enable the hallmarks to happen. The first one was ‘Genome instability and mutation’, which is kind of obvious. Since cancers have hundreds of mutations, it is self-evident that the genome must be able to mutate, and thus the genome has some inherent instability. This adds very little to the understanding of cancer. The second is ‘Tumor Promoting Inflammation’. It has long been recognized that all cancers have inflammatory cells within them. Since inflammation is a response to injury, this is an expected result of the body trying to rid itself of the cancer.

52 The 'Respiratory Burst' that occurs during inflammation

a). Is triggered during phagocytosis of pathogens

.Respiratory burst (also called oxidative burst) is the rapid release of reactive oxygen species (superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide) from different types of cells. Usually it denotes the release of these chemicals from immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages because they are infected by different bacteria or fungi.

t is a crucial reaction that occurs in phagocytes to degrade internalized particles and bacteria. NADPH oxidase, an enzyme family widely expressed in many types of cells, produces superoxide, which spontaneously recombines with other molecules to produce reactive free radicals. To combat infection, immune cells use NADPH oxidase to reduce O2– to an oxygen free radical and then H2O2. Neutrophils and monocytes use myeloperoxidase to further combine H2O2 with Cl– to produce hypochlorite, which plays a role in destroying bacteria