Question

. Describe in detail the allosteric and hormonal regulation (Insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine) of fatty acid synthesis.

Answer 1

Regulation of fatty acids synthesis

Hormonal regulation- Insulin and glucagon

Allosteric regulation- Palmitoyl CoA, Citrate, malonyl CoA

Explanation

Glucagon is released, we know we are in a state of low energy that means we have to get energy from different sources like glucose and fatty acids we are undergoing oxidation. So oxidation going to be activated, so the main enzyme going to activated Hormone sensitive lipase by phosphorylation because we know the glucagon activates a pathway that activates PKA and PKA is going to phosphorylate other enzymes to make them active, so Hormone-sensitive lipase is going to be phosphorylated it is going to act that is going to activate the mobilization of fats. Mobilization of fats from our adipose tissues.It also activates the fructose biphosphatase by phosphorylation it also going to activate the gluconeogenesis. Ultimately provide glucose for a breakdown of energy. It means glucagon inhibits the synthesis of fatty acid synthesis. Acetyl CoA carboxylase is being inhibited.

Insulin helps in the synthesis of fatty acids In this case dephosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase by the action of insulin is going to activated because now we want to store the fats for the later source of energy. Oxidation is going to be inhibited because the dephosphorylation of the enzyme of hormone-sensitive lipase so ultimately decreases in the mobilization of fats. Because now we are going to store that energy and it also increases the rate of glycolysis and helps in the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis.

Allosteric control of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation. So the allosteric control is that we have an enzyme know that if the substrate binds to the allosteric sites that it is going change the confirmation of actual enzyme it is maybe upregulated or downregulated in a different way. Citrate is going to bind allosterically to the acetyl CoA and instruct for the synthesis of fatty acids. Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA to Palmitoyl CoA, then it from brought from the mitochondria into the cytosol where the synthesis of fatty acids and increase the fatty acids then palmitoyl CoA, in this case, going to bind Acetyl CoA carboxylase, and allosterically inhibited it. telling cells we have lots of fats we don't need to make them.

Malonyl CoA also comes over to the carnitine acetyltransferase 1 and its going also inhibit the activity that going to prevent fatty acid CoA to fatty acylcarnitine being brought to mitochondria for oxidized. We don't need oxidizing fats we are just going making  them.