Question

What is TRUE about the autonomic division? There may be more than one answer. (2 pts)

Select one or more:

a. The autonomic division consists of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions that target the cardiac cells, smooth muscle cells, and glands.

b. The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions are made of pre-ganglionic neuron that synapses with the post-ganglionic neuron at the neuromuscular junction.

c. The pre-ganglionic neuron of both parasympathetic and sympathetic would secrete acetylcholine at the axon terminal and it would bind to the nicotinic receptor at the dendrites/cell body of the post-ganglionic neuron.

d. The post-ganglionic neuron of the parasympathetic would secrete acetylcholine to the target cells. At the target cells, the acetylcholine would bind to the nicotinic receptor.

e. The post-ganglionic neuron of the sympathetic would secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine. At the target cells, the norepinephrine and epinephrine would bind to the adrenergic receptors (alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, or beta 3).

What is the CORRECT statement about the parasympathetic division? There may be more than one answer. (2 pts)

Select one or more:

a. Only acetylcholine is secreted from the post-ganglionic neuron to the target cells.

b. Nicotinic receptors are at the heart, GI tract, and bronchioles.

c. In the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), parasympathetic neurons will cause the smooth muscle cells to relax, causing the walls of the intestines to dilate.

d. In the blood vessels, parasympathetic neurons will cause the smooth muscle cells to contract, causing the blood vessels to vasoconstrict.

e. In the bronchioles, parasympathetic neurons will cause bronchoconstriction. Sympathetic post-ganglionic neuron secretes acetylcholine to stimulate the sweat glands.

Acetylcholine binds to the muscarinic receptor at the sweat glands to trigger the cells to secrete sweat. (1 pt) Select one: a. True b. False What is TRUE about Graded Potential? (2 pts)

Select one:

a. Graded potential is recorded at the dendrites, cell body, and axon terminal.

b. Graded potential communicates over a long distance.

c. Suprathreshold graded potential is when the membrane potential is -90 mV to -56mV.

d. Excitatory post-synaptic potential occurs when aspartate or glutamate causes an influx of Cl- ions into the cell body.

e. Na+ leaky channel and cytoplasmic resistance will maintain a subthreshold graded potential and no action potential will occur at the axon hillock.

What channels or carriers are NOT found at the axon to the axon terminal? (2 pts)

Select one:

a. Na+ leaky channels

b. Cl- gated channels

c. Na+ gated channels

d. Na+-K+ ATPase

e. None of the above

What is TRUE about action potential in the neuron? There may be more than one answer. (2 pts)

Select one or more:

a. At resting membrane potential (-70mV), the inactivation gate of the Na⁺ channel is closed while the activation gate is opened.

b. During depolarization from -55mV to +30mV, the K⁺ gated channel is closed while both inactivation gate and activation gate of Na⁺ channel are opened causing Na⁺ influxes.

c. During repolarization from +30mV to -55mV, the K⁺ gated channel is open and its gate will remain open during hyperpolarization, which begins from -55mV to -90mV.

d. From -70mV to -90mV of the after hyperpolarization, the K⁺ gated channel will remain open and influxes of K⁺ will occur. From -90mV to -70mV, Na⁺ leaky channel, K⁺ leaky channel, and Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase will bring the membrane potential back to resting membrane potential.

e. Myelinated axon and smaller diameter of the axon will cause a faster conduction velocity of action potential.

Answer 1