Question

1-2 paragraphs per question)

1) Compare and contrast the different U.S. Census spatial definitions of sub-urban areas we discussed in class. How are they defined and what do they help economists research urban/regional topics?

2) Compare and contrast the formation of trading cities versus factory cities. How do each form, how do they differ, and what relationships do they share?

3)What are the possible downsides of using congestion tools to prevent excessive highway demand? Fully explain these downsides and how they may differ across different groups.

Answer 1

-1- The Bureau of the Census defines urban as comprising all territory, POPU- lation, and housing units located in urbanized areas and in places of 2,500 or more inhabitants outside of UAs . The team urban refers to both kinds of geographic entities. Urban areas were grouped into four geographic strata that share similar vegetation types( west,west- center, east- center, and east; Marshall et al, 1999) and subsequently distinguished in the spectral unmixing procedure.

- Although suburban patterns are themselves diverse, this paper does not intend to rehearse typological or definitional debates. ( Thorns, 1973; Galster, 2001; Bagley et al., 2002; Turcotte, 2008). The term suburban dispersed urban form in which single - household detached low- rise dwellings are the predominant residential for, and where the majority of travel is by automobile .Rural area or countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Metropolitan area refers to a city's urban core and surrounding inhabited areas including suburbs and the more distant satellite communities called exurbs. An urban area generally refers to the urban core of a city and the fairly dense adjacent inhabited areas.

2-- A typical city has professional administrators, regulations, and some form of taxation (food and other necessities or means to trade for them ) to support government workers.

-This arrangement contracts with the more typically horizontal relationships in a tribe or village accomplishing common goals through informal agreements between Neighbors, or through leadership of a chief).

- Cities may have held other advantages, too.

-Example-

- Cities reduced transport costs for goods, people, and ideas by bringing them all together in one spot.By reducing these transactions costs,cities contributed to worker productivity. Finally, cities likely performed protection for people and the valuable things they were beginning to accumulate.

-Some theorists hypothesize that people may have come together to fork cities as a form of protection against marauding barbarian armies.

3- Cogestion is a possibility for any mode of transportation, As demand approaches the capacity of a road( or of the intersections along the road) extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is known as traffic jam .

There are a number if proffered solutions out there . Congestion is, in principle, a mostly solvable problem, even if no fast - growing city has fully solved it .Some of these dumb, many are good, one is great .

1-Capacity- Obvious common sense solution when demand (traffic) is in excess of supply is to expand capacity.

2-Connectivity - A new connection may be cheap, or it may be useful, but it won't be both. The included demand outcome also applies.

3-Closure - Perhaps counter - intuitively, if we shut down key links on the network, we could also reduce congestion.

4-Controls- The next most obvious solution is to use the infrastructure we have better.

5-Crashes - Crashes can also be reduced with better - trained drivers.

6-Construction - Maintaining roads is important, without proper maintenance they would eventually cease to be.

- Traffic congestion is a condition in transport that is characterised by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing. Traffic congestion on urban road networks has increased substantially, since the 1950s. When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, this results in some congestion. While congestion is a possibility for any mode of transportation.