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Describe how the antigenic components of current viral vaccines are produced and describe the process that...

Describe how the antigenic components of current viral vaccines are produced and describe the process that may be followed to prepare a vaccine for the 'novel Coronavirus'. 15 marks

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Expert Solution

ANTIGENIC COMPONENTS OF VIRAL VACCINES:

  • Antigens are the components derived from the structure of disease-causing organisms, which are recognized as 'foreign' by the immune system and trigger a protective immune response to the vaccine.
  • Recombinant_virus_vaccines

    An alternative application of recombinant DNA technology is the production of hybrid virus vaccines. The best known example is vaccinia; At present, efforts are being made to attenuate vaccinia virus further and the possibility of using other recombinant vectors are being explored, such as attenuated poliovirus and adeno virus.

PROCESS TO MAKE CORONA VIRUS VACCINE:

  1. As it is an RNA virus ,developing vaccine against RNA virus is a difficult task.
  2. These costs and risks are elevated further in a pandemic, because there’s no time for the usual lengthy and cautious process.
  3. There are trials being done under supervusion of Imperial college of london on Corona virus.
  4. Addition of Stabilizers used to help the vaccine maintain its effectiveness during storage. Vaccine stability is essential, particularly where the cold chain is unreliable. Instability can cause loss of antigenicity and decreased infectivity of LAV. Factors affecting stability are temperature and acidity or alkalinity of the vaccine (pH). Stabilizing agents include MgCl2 (for OPV), MgSO4 (for measles), lactose-sorbitol and sorbitol-gelatine.
  5. Adjuvants are added to vaccines to stimulate the production of antibodies against the vaccine to make it more effective. Aluminium salts example

    Adjuvants have been used for decades to improve the immune response to vaccine antigens, most often in inactivated (killed) vaccines.

  6. Antibiotics (in trace amounts) are used during the manufacturing phase to prevent bacterial contamination of the tissue culture cells in which the viruses are grown.

  7. Formaldehyde Used to inactivate viruses (e.g. IPV) and to detoxify bacterial toxins, such as the toxins used to make diphtheria and tetanus vaccines,

During production, a purification process removes almost all formaldehyde in vaccines,

The amount of formaldehyde in vaccines is several hundred times lower than the amount known to do harm to humans, even infants. E.g., DTP-HepB + Hib "5-in-1" vaccine contains less than 0.02% formaldehyde per dose.

8.Preservatives are added to multidose vaccines to prevent bacterial and fungal growth. They include a variety of substances, for example Thiomersal, Formaldehyde, or Phenol derivatives.

  • Very commomly used preservative is Thiomersal , is an ethyl mercury-containing compound,
  • It has been in use since the 1930s and no harmful effects have been reported for doses used in vaccination except for minor reactions (e.g. redness, swelling at injection site),
  • It is used in multidose vials and for single dose vials in many countries as it helps reduce storage requirements/costs,
  • Thiomersal has been subjected to intense scrutiny, as it contains ethyl mercury. The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety continuously review the safety aspects of Thiomersal. So far, there is no evidence of toxicity when exposed to Thiomersal in vaccines. Even trace amounts of thiomersal seem to have no impact on the neurological development of infants.

THANKYOU


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