Question

(1). Please discuss the structure and biological function of lysosomes in cells and the consequences that caused by their malfunctioning.

(2). Why are large organisms composed of many small cells rather than a few huge ones? How can you visualize cells? Can you visualize the organelles in cells?

(3).What is the differences of rough ER and smooth ER? What are the consequences that caused by their malfunctioning.

Answer 1

Q3) Diffeence between RER and SER

The endoplasmic reticulum is also known as cytoplasmic vascular system. First of all, the name endoplasmic reticulum was coined by K. R. Porter (1948).

The strands of the endoplasmic reticulum are tubes and vesicles. It joins nuclear and cell membrane. The double membranous hollow endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes on the upper surface. The Endoplasmic Reticulums are divided into the following two types on the basis of either ribosomes are present or absent.

1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)-The RER are well-develped in the cells engaged in the protein synthesis. The RER are confined into the basophilic regions of the cells. The ribosomes make the rough appearance. The RERs are sites of protein synthesis.

2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)-The SER has different smooth morphology compared to the RER. It lacks ribosomes and surface looks smooth. So, it is called as SER. The SERs are concentrated in the glycogen regions of the cells and attached to the perioxosomes and Golgi Complex

Neurodegenerative diseases often have multifactorial causes and are progressive diseases. Some are inherited while others are acquired, and both vary greatly in onset and severity. Impaired endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis, involving Ca2+ signaling, protein synthesis, processing, trafficking, and degradation, is now recognized as a key risk factor in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Lipidostasis involves lipid synthesis, quality control, membrane assembly as well as sequestration of excess lipids or degradation of damaged lipids. Proteostasis and lipidostasis are maintained by interconnected pathways within the cellular reticular network, which includes the ER and Ca2+ signaling