Question

Instructions

Create a concept map asks you to organize the pathophysiology of ventilation and diffusion by mechanism of alteration, create a concept map of the pulmonary structure and function with the anatomy of the airways. Your mapping should include each of the 7 model diseases from your chapter. Please include 1-2 examples of treatment for each disease.

The concept map should explain relationships and terms within the concepts; the point of the assignment is to select information, organize the information, and express relationships. This should not be a visual representation of words without connections or relationships.

Answer 1

This diagram will help you to learn about the anatomy of the lungs and their functions.

The above diagram will hep you to know the bronchopulmonary segment's division and the functinal unit.

The above flow chart depicts you the processes involved in mechanism of exchange of gases in our lungs

Any factor that deteriorates the following mentioned processes will result in respiratory illness. In the below flowchart diagram, we are trying to explain you the pathophysiology of respiratory diseases resulting in alteration of ventilation and diffusion.

Any factor that deteriorates the following mentioned processes will result in respiratory illness.

ASTHMA- caused by allergies----->chronic inflammation of the airways--->bronchospam of airways--->increased resistance to airways--->decreased expiratory flow---->alteration in normal ventilation.

Treatment: Bronchodilators, steroids, and anti-inflammatory drugs are used to relieve asthma symptoms.

COPD(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease): caused mainly by tobacco smoking---->damage to the airways and tiny air sacs--->more mucus production and the bronchioles become inflamed and narrower----difficulty in breathing. It includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Treatment: It includes smoking cessation, bronchodilator therapy, and pulmonary rehabilitation.

Emphysema-Smoking--->damages alveolar sac--->less elastic and unable to recoil when you exhale--->difficulty in expiration.

Treatment: Try to quit smoking as soon as possible.

Pneumonia: Bacterial, a viral or fungal infection in the alveoli ------>shortness of breath.

Treatment: Antibiotic depending on the causative agent. Pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine is also available for prevention.

Cystic fibrosis - genetic respiratory disease---> CFTR protein produced by this defective gene--->regulates the movement of chloride and sodium ions across membrane--> buildup of thick mucus--->decreased mucociliary clearance---> bacterial colonization of the respiratory tract---> airway destruction.

Treatment: Conservative treatments including breathing treatments like Airway clearance therapy, an anti-inflammatory drug, inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist, annual influenza vaccinations, and symptomatic respiratory treatment, antibiotics are used as baseline treatment for all patients.

Bronchiectasis- elastic fibers of bronchi are affected---> permanent abnormal dilation and destruction of the major bronchi and bronchiole walls--->chronic cough with mucus production---> impaired drainage, obstruction.

Treatment includes is same as for cystic fibrosis to relieve breathing problems and infections.

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