Question

1). Which are the three requirements to establish a contributory cause for diseases/deaths? (Please provide 2-3 sentences for each).

2). Please explain, with 2-3 sentences for each of the following: strength of the relationship, dose-response relationship, consistency of the relationship, and biological plausibility.

3). Which are the letter grades given to evaluate the effectiveness of evidence-based recommendations?

4) Define each letter from the P.E.R.I.E approach.

5). Calculate the incidence rate from the following: There were 3,500 individuals from a population of 120,000 who contracted Disease A in 2016. Calculate the incidence rate using a rate of per 1,000 individuals.

Answer 1

1. Three requirements for contributory cause:-
-Case-control
-cohort studies
-Randomized controlled trials

2. (a) strength of the relationship:- it means how closely related the risk factor is to the disease. Calculate strength of relative risk.

(b) dose-response relationship:-Finding whether smoking more cigarettes is associated with greater chance of developing lung cancer.

(c) consistency of the relationship:-
Studies in different geographic areas and among a wide range of groups produce similar results.

(d) biological plausibility:-
We can explain the occurrence of a disease based upon known and accepted biological mechanisms.

3. A- indicates that the data were derived from multiple randomized clinical trials.
B- indicates that the data were derived from one randomized trial or from nonrandomized studies.
C- indicates that the data were derived from expert opinions, case studies.

4. P.E.R.I.E. stands for -
Problem
Etiology
Recommendations
Implementations
Evaluation

5. Incidence rate= 3500/120000×1000
= 29.16