Question

you will write 2 reports (referring to the departments of Dermatology and Cardiology) and use them as your script for your Week 3 Oral Report. Your writing section for this assignment will include 2 paragraphs for each department.

In order to earn the maximum credit for the written report you need to incorporate at least 10 medical terms for each department (a total of 20 terms for this assignment), using them in a manner that demonstrates your knowledge of their meaning.

Include the major or most common diseases or conditions seen in each department.

Include at least three of the principal procedures that are relevant to each department.

Highlight pertinent laboratory and radiological diagnostic services relevant to each department.

Limit your analysis of each department to two paragraphs.

For your Oral Report for this week, read aloud your Written Report for the Department of Dermatology and Department of Cardiology for your fictious hospital. Record yourself dictating this report as before using your own recording software or the free Audacity Recording Software available online. Place your audiofile in the Dropbox.

Answer 1

The Department of Orthopedics (Musculoskeletal System): The branch of medicine that deals with the musculoskeletal system involved in the treatment of disorders or injuries of bones, joints and associated muscles. Persistent severe pain and physical disability remains inseparable from the disorder. World Health Organization has recognized four major musculoskeletal disorders prevalent these days: Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Osteoporosis and low back pain (Woolf.D.A., 2003). Osteoarthritis is characterized by the loss of articular cartilage within the synovial joint. It can occur in any joint but commonly hits the joint of hip, knee and the joints of hand, foot and spine. Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory and chronic form of arthritis majorly affects the peripheral joints. Age is a dominant factor in incidence of rheumatoid arthritis and runs in the family. It remains associated with complete disability and even mortality. Osteoporosis is diagnosed in patients with low bone density and deterioration of bone tissues. This often results in bone fragility and fractures. Escalated stage of osteoporosis is osteopenia. Loss of calcium in females is a major cause of frequent cases amongst women. Ageing also leads to erosion of calcium and vulnerability for fractures. Low back pain is also very frequent form of musculoskeletal disorders in the modern world. It restricts itself below the twelfth rib and above the gluteal folds. Occupational factors and the lifestyle contribute majorly to this disorder. (Arthritis, osteoporosis and other musculoskeletal conditions).
There are various interventions associated with the department of orthopedics. Diagnosis begins by observing the affected area. X-rays, ultrasonography, bone scanning are some diagnostic methods in this regard. Arthroscopy is the technique to observe the targeted joints with the special camera and instruments. Surgical treatments involve bone grafting, internal fixation by placing a rod and fixing it with the metal screws. Joint replacements are also quite frequent these days. Osteotomy is the process involved in cutting the shaping the overgrown bones. (Laurencin.C.T, 1999). Besides the surgical treatments musculoskeletal disorders are treated with drugs such as DMARDs which stands for disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug which is used in curing arthritis. Osteoporosis is treated with drugs that either reduce loss of calcium or artificially induce calcium and phosphate to the bones. (Prestwood.M.K., 1995) Continuous inventions and advancements have helped us making the treatment processes effective and accurate.
The Department of Pulmonology (Respiratory System): Pulmonology is derived from Latin term pulmo meaning lungs. The department which is a branch of internal medicine dealing with the respiratory system, it’s functioning and disorders of respiratory tract. It involves intensive care and majorly deals with disorders such as COPD, asthma, rhinitis and sinusitis. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an umbrella term used to describe chronic lung disease that causes restricted lung airflow. Two major forms of COPD are chronic bronchitis, which involves a long-term cough with mucus and emphysema, which involves damage to the lungs over time. Major symptoms of COPD are cough with or without mucus, fatigue and dyspenea which causes shortness of breath. Allergic rhinitis and sinusitis are also some pulmonary disorders causing inflammation and swelling of lining inside the sinuses caused by allergens. Asthma is another major respiratory disorder characterized by recurring breathlessness and wheezing. Swelling of bronchial tube leads to narrowing of airways and hence reducing the airflow into the lungs. Bronchiectasis is a disorder which is linked with abnormally widening of airways leading to mucus formation in large quantities. It is always followed by wheeziness and sputum formation. (World Heath Organisation, 2002).
Various procedures are conducted in the department to diagnose and cure the disorders associated with respiratory system. Diagnosing with the stethoscope might not be accurate at times. Various imaging tests such as x-rays and CT scans are conducted. Next level takes to the processes such as spirometry which measures the efficiency of the lungs by measuring the volume of air exhaled and the time duration of breath. Arterial blood gas analysis is also conducted in order to measure volume of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. (Health Quality Ontario & Ministry of Health and Long-term care, 2013). Interventional Pulmonology is the new development in this field which provides comprehensive care to the patients. Therapeutic bronchoscope which utilizes laser techniques in diagnosing and managing pulmonary disorders is the new development in this field. Pleural interventions such as chest tube insertions for the patients suffering from empyema helps in clearing the clogged tube. Balloon bronchoplasty is also successful in dilation of lungs referred to people suffering from asthma. (Wahidi.M.M., 2007). Advancements in the field of Pulmonology has helped in better and more accurate and assured treatments for respiratory disorders.

The Department of Gastroenterology (Digestive System):
The broad field of medical which is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of digestive system which involves organs such as esophagus, stomach, intestines and all the other organs responsible for digestion, absorption and excretion of food. A wide range of disorders are treated in this department. Some commonly treated disorders are irritable bowel syndrome, lactose intolerance, hepatitis B and C, cirrhosis, peptic ulcer, colitis; intestinal ischemia etc. irritable bowel syndrome is characterized by abnormal bowel movement with continuous abdominal pain due to diarrhoea or constipation. (Ponti.F.D., 2001). Hepatitis B and C are the acute infection causing loss of appetite, jaundice and erratic bowel movements. It is contagious and can be transmitted from the infected person in many ways. When escalated can even end up to cancer. Cirrhosis causes malfunctioning of liver and hence disrupting the process of bile formation and transportation. Initially causes jaundice with loss of appetite which can aggravate in later stages. (Pubmed Health, 2013). Peptic ulcers are the sores that are formed in the inner lining of the stomach or esophagus. Symptoms are vomiting, blood filled stool and weight loss with persistent abdominal pain. Ulcerative colitis happens in the large intestine in colon which is characterized by ulcers and open sores causing pus, mucus and infection. Gastroenterology is an umbrella term dealing with varied range of disorders.
Various interventions and diagnostic procedures are conducted in order to treat the disorder. Abdominal X-ray and ultrasound are the primary diagnostic tools. Colonoscopy is done to visualize colon which is a fairly large part of digestive system with the help of a miniature video and tube. Other instruments can also be passed through it for diagnosis of internal lining. ERCP, flexible sigmoidscopy, endoscopic ultrasonography and capsule endoscopy are some forms of endoscopy targeting specific organs of digestive systems such as liver, gastrointestinal tracts, pancreas etc; Liver biopsy is conducted in order to diagnose the disorders in liver. Various surgical means are also practiced as treatment procedures such as cecostomy for clearing the bowel and cholecystectomy for the removal of gallbladder. Such interventions help in diagnosing and treating the majorly occurring gastroenterological disorders. (BMC: Boston medical center).
References:
Arthritis, osteoporosis and other musculoskeletal conditions. Austrailia: AIHW arthritis and other musculoskeletal conditions publications.
BMC: Boston medical center. (n.d.). Gastroenterology. Boston.
Health Quality Ontario & Ministry of Health and Long-term care. (2013). Quality-Based Procedures: Clinical handbook for COPD. Ontario.
Laurencin.C.T, .. A. (1999). Tissue Engineering: Orthopedic Applications. PUBMED , 19-46.
Ponti.F.D., &. T. (2001). Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Springer , 317-22.
Prestwood.M.K., P. &. (1995). TREATMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS. Annual Reviews , 249-56.
Pubmed Health. (2013, october 13). Cirrhosis: Liver cirrhosis; Cryptogenic chronic liver disease.
Wahidi.M.M., et al. (2007). State of the Art*: Interventional Pulmonology. Chest Journal: American college of Chest Physicians , 261-74.
Woolf.D.A., P. (2003). Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. , 646-56.
World Heath Organisation. (2002). WHO strategy for prevention and control of chronic respiratory diseases. Geneva: Publications of the World Health Organization.