Question

Choose one disorder of the central or peripheral nervous system and discuss its clinical manifestations, prognosis, and pathophysiology.

Answer 1

Ans) Disorder of Central nervous system:

Epilepsy:

Epilepsy is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations, and sometimes loss of awareness.

Causes:

• Genetic influence
• Head injury
• Prenatal injury
• Developmental disorders
• Brain infections

Clinical manifestation:

• Temporary confusion
• A staring spell
• Uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs
• Loss of consciousness or awareness
• Psychic symptoms such as fear, anxiety

Diagnostic test:

• Neurological assessment
• Blood tests
• EEG
• CT scan/ MRI
• PET scan

Treatment:

• Anti- epileptic medication
• Surgery: Removing part of brain causing seizure
• Therapies:

1. Vagus nerve stimulation: Doctors implant a vagus nerve stimulator underneath the skin of chest which inhibits the activity of seizures.
2. Ketogenic diet: High in fats and low carbohydrates in diet
3. Deep brain stimulation

• Lifestyle modifications:

1. Medication
2. Exercise
3. Rest & sleep

• Report any signs & symptoms of complication

Prognosis:

• 60% will be well controlled on one drug only
• 15% on two drugs
• It is suggested that if two drugs of anti epileptics fail then surgery should be considered.