Question

1. what are the parts of the peripheral and central nervous system?

2. Explain why there is no normal microbiota in the central nervous system.

3. What is the blood-brain barrier and how does it prevent infection?

4. What is meningitis?

5. What are the typical signs and symptoms of meningitis?

6. What is common between the three common bacteria that cause meningitis?

7. Name the vaccines that prevent meningitis and their target organisms.

8. What is encephalitis?

9. What are the typical signs and symptoms of encephalitis?

10. Name at least three microbial causes of encephalitis.

11. What is the treatment for viral encaphalitis?

12. What is an arbovirus?

13. Which arboviruses are prevalent in Oklahoma?

14. What are some preventative strategies for decreasing arbovirus infection?

15. What is Botox and how does it work?

16. What are the signs and symptoms of botulism?

17. What are the three types of botulism?

18. How can we prevent each type of botulism?

19. What are the signs and symptoms of rabies?

20. How is rabies transmitted?

21. If bitten by a rabid animal, what treatment is performed?

22. What are the signs and symptoms of polio?

23. How is polio transmitted?

24. What are the two types of vaccines used to prevent polio? Which one is used in the USA?

25. What are some barriers to eradicating polio from the world?

Answer 1

1

• The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
• The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body including muscles and organ

2 .

• The capillary endothelial cells form tight junctions that control the transfer of blood components to the brain.

• In addition, cranial capillaries have far fewer fenestra and pinocytotic vesicles than other capillaries.

• As a result, materials in the circulatory system have a very limited ability to interact with the CNS directly.

• This phenomenon is referred to as the blood-brain barrier.

  The blood-brain barrier protects the cerebrospinal fluid from contamination, and can be quite effective at excluding potential microbial pathogens.

• As a consequence of these defenses, there is no normal microbiota in the cerebrospinal fluid

3.

• The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semi permeable border of endothelial cells that prevents solutes in the circulating blood from non-selectively crossing into the extracellular fluid of the central nervous system where neurons reside.
• The blood-brain barrier restricts the passage of pathogens, the diffusion of solutes in the blood, and large or hydrophilic molecules into the cerebrospinal fluid,
• while allowing the diffusion of hydrophobic molecules , hormones and small polar molecules.
• Cells of the barrier actively transport metabolic products such as glucose using specific transport proteins.

4. Meningitis is rare infection affecting on delicate membrane called meninges which cover brain and spinal cord .