In: Math
Prove that the SMSG axiomatic set is not independent.
SMSG Axioms:
Postulate 1. Given any two distinct points
there is exactly one line that contains them.
Postulate 2. Distance Postulate. To every pair of
distinct points there corresponds a unique positive number. This
number is called the distance between the two points.
Postulate 3. Ruler Postulate. The points of a line
can be placed in a correspondence with the real numbers such
that:
To every point of the line there corresponds exactly one real number.
To every real number there corresponds exactly one point of the line.
The distance between two distinct points is the absolute value of the difference of the corresponding real numbers.
Postulate 4. Ruler Placement Postulate Given
two points P and Q of a line, the coordinate system can be chosen
in such a way that the coordinate of P is zero and the coordinate
of Q is positive.
Postulate 5.
Every plane contains at least three non-collinear points.
Space contains at least four non-coplanar points.
Postulate 6. If two points lie in a plane, then
the line containing these points lies in the same plane.
Postulate 7. Any three points lie in at least one
plane, and any three non-collinear points lie in exactly one
plane.
Postulate 8. If two planes intersect, then that
intersection is a line.
Postulate 9. Plane Separation Postulate. Given a
line and a plane containing it, the points of the plane that do not
lie on the line form two sets such that:
each of the sets is convex
if P is in one set and Q is in the other, then segment PQ intersects the line.
Postulate 10. Space Separation Postulate. The points of space that do not lie in a given plane form two sets such that:
Each of the sets is convex.
If P is in one set and Q is in the other, then segment PQ intersects the plane.
Postulate 11. Angle Measurement Postulate. To
every angle there corresponds a real number between 0° and
180°.
Postulate 12. Angle Construction Postulate. Let AB
be a ray on the edge of the half-plane H. For every r between 0 and
180 there is exactly one ray AP, with P in H such that
m∠PAB=r.
Postulate 13. Angle Addition Postulate. If D is a
point in the interior of ∠BAC, then m∠BAC = m∠BAD + m∠DAC.
Postulate 14. Supplement Postulate. If two angles
form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.
Postulate 15. SAS Postulate. Given a one-to-one
correspondence between two triangles (or between a triangle and
itself). If two sides nd the included angle of the first triangle
are congruent to the corresponding parts of the second triangle,
then the correspondence is a congruence.
Postulate 16. Parallel Postulate. Through a given
external point there is at most one line parallel to a given
line.
Postulate 17. To every polygonal region there
corresponds a unique positive real number called its area.
Postulate 18. If two triangles are congruent, then
the triangular regions have the same area.
Postulate 19. Suppose that the region R is the
union of two regions R1 and R2. If R1 and R2 intersect at most in a
finite number of segments and points, then the area of R is the sum
of the areas of R1 and R2.
Postulate 20. The area of a rectangle is the
product of the length of its and the length of its altitude.
Postulate 21. The volume of a rectangle
parallelpiped is equal to the product of the length of its altitude
and the area of its base.
Postulate 22. Cavalieri's Principle. Given two
solids and a plane. If for every plane that intersects the solids
and is parallel to the given plane the two intersections determine
regions that have the same area, then the two solids have the same
volume.