Question

74. What type of immunity is resistance present at birth; not dependent on prior exposure to an antigen?

75. What type of cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens?

76. What inhibit B and T cells and prevent them from attacking the body’s own good cells?

77. What type of cells recognize and digest foreign antigens?

78. What stimulate the patient’s own T cells to recognize and kill the cancerous cells?

79. Name the type of immunity with the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them?

80. Name the mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx.

81. What is the protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens?

82. What the location of Lymph nodes in the armpit?

83. What the location of Lymph nodes in the neck?

85. What are the proteins in the blood that help antibodies and kill their target?

86. What are antibodies secreted by plasma cells in response to the presence of an antigen?

87. What is the fluid in the spaces between cells?

88. What is a large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body?

89. Name an antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells.

90. What is type of immunity that an individual is born with to fight infection?

91. Name the duct that drains lymph from the upper right part of body.

92. Name the duct that drains lymph from the lower and left side of body.

93. When the body recognizes and accepts the body’s own antigens as “self” or friendly?

94. What disorder destroys T cells and creates opportunistic infections?

95. What disorder produces blisters on skin of lips, nose, or genitals?

96. What disorder asssociated with AIDS that may cause pneumonitis, hepatitis, and encephalitis?

97. What drug inhibits viral enzyme called reverse transcriptase.

98. Name the disorder abnormal sensitivity acquired by exposure to antigen.

99. Name the cancer that is a malignant tumor of the thymus.

100. What is a malignant condition associated with AIDS?

101. This test detects anti-HIV antibodies; Western blot given as follow-up.

102. This test measures the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream.

103. These x-ray views show abnormalities of lymphoid organs.

104. Name the malignant tumor of the lymph nodes and spleen marked by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph nodes.

105. What disorder is typically associated with heightened immune responses to common allergens?

Answer 1

Solution 74.

INNATE IMMUNITY

It refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body. These mechanisms include physical barriers such as skin, chemicals in the blood, and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in the body.

Solution 75.

lymphocytes: T cells and B cells.

Solution 76.

Anergy :-It defines as Lack of reaction by the body's defense mechanisms to foreign substances, and consists of a direct induction of peripheral lymphocyte tolerance.

An individual in a state of anergy often indicates that the immune system is unable to mount a normal immune response against a specific antigen, usually a self-antigen.

*Lymphocytes are said to be anergic when they fail to respond to their specific antigen.

Solution 77.

Macrophages:-

A macrophage is the first cell to recognize and engulf foreign substances (antigens).

  Macrophages break down these substances and present the smaller proteins to the T lymphocytes. (T cells are programmed to recognize, respond to and remember antigens).  

Solution 78.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy:-

CART cells mediate MHC-unrestricted tumor cell killing by enabling T cells to bind target cell surface antigens through a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) recognition domain.

Solution 79.

Adaptive immunity

Solution 80.

Adenoids or Pharyngeal tonsils.

Solution 81.

Gamma globulin.

Solution 82.

Five groups: subscapular axillary (posterior), apical (medial or subclavicular), pectoral axillary (anterior), brachial (lateral), and central lymph nodes.

1)The subscapular axillary lymph nodes are located on the lower part of the armpit’s posterior (rear) wall.

2)The apical and pectoral nodes are located respectively on the upper and lower parts of the pectoralis minor, a thin, flat muscle of the chest.

3)The brachial nodes are located relative to the axillary vein’s medial (near the middle) and posterior portions.

4)The central axillary lymph nodes are located inside the adipose tissue near the armpit’s base.

Solution 83.

Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck region.

There are two general categories of cervical lymph nodes: anterior and posterior:-

Anterior superficial and deep nodes include submental and submaxillary (tonsillar) nodes located under the chin and jawline, respectively. The anterior cervical lymph nodes are further down the front of the neck, divided into prelaryngeal, thyroid, pretracheal, and paratracheal, based on their position near structures of the throat. Prelaryngeal lymph nodes are located in front of the larynx, or voice box, near the middle and center of the neck. Thyroid lymph nodes lie near the thyroid gland, just above the center of the collarbone. Pretracheal nodes are positioned in front of the trachea, or windpipe, at the bottom center of the neck. Paratracheal nodes are located near the sides of the trachea.

Posterior lymph nodes are located along the back of the neck.