Question

define these words and answer the questions below.

4)
a) The 4 stages of Mitosis.

b)Sarcoma

c)Leukemia

d)Contagious

e)Infectious

f)Founder of Chloroquine Phosphate

g)Dengue Fever

h)Rheumatic Fever

i)Shock vs. Coma

5) what is the rule of 9s in burn

6) Edema

7) dengue

8) nephrotic syndrome

9) gromenule nephostic

10) rheumatic

Answer 1

4).

a) Four stage of mitosis

Mitosis is a type of cell division in which one cell (the mother) divides to produce two new cells (the daughters) that are genetically identical to itself. In the context of the cell cycle, mitosis is the part of the division process in which the DNA of the cell's nucleus is split into two equal sets of chromosomes.

Mitosis is the process in which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides. During this process, sister chromatids separate from each other and move to opposite poles of the cell. This happens in four phases, called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Phase 1: Prophase

Prophase is the first step of mitosis. This is when the genetic fibers within the cell’s nucleus, known as chromatin, begin to condense and become tightly compacted together.

Late Prophase: Prometaphase

Prometaphase is often referred to as “late prophase.” (Though it’s also sometimes called “early metaphase” or referred to as a distinct phase entirely!).  The short version of what happens during prometaphase is that the nuclear membrane breaks down.

Phase 2: Metaphase

Metaphase is the phase of mitosis that follows prophase and prometaphase and precedes anaphase. Metaphase begins once all the kinetochore microtubules get attached to the sister chromatids’ centromeres during prometaphase.

Phase 3: Anaphase

The third phase of mitosis, following metaphase and preceding telophase, is anaphase. Since the sister chromatids began attaching to centrosomes on opposite ends of the cell in metaphase, they’re prepped and ready to start separating and forming genetically-identical daughter chromosomes during anaphase.

Finally, during the second half of anaphase, the cell begins to elongate as polar microtubules push against each other. It goes from looking like one round cell to...well, more like an egg as the new chromosome sets pull further away from each other.

Phase 4: Telophase

Telophase is the last phase of mitosis. Telophase is when the newly separated daughter chromosomes get their own individual nuclear membranes and identical sets of chromosomes.

Eventually, the contractile ring shrinks so much that the plasma membrane pinches off and the separated nuclei are able to form into their own cells.

The end of cytokinesis signifies the end of the M-phase of the cell cycle, of which mitosis is also a part. At the end of cytokinesis, the division part of the cell cycle has officially ended.

b). Sarcoma

Sarcoma is a type of cancer that can occur in various locations in your body.

Sarcoma is the general term for a broad group of cancers that begin in the bones and in the soft (also called connective) tissues (soft tissue sarcoma). Soft tissue sarcoma forms in the tissues that connect, support and surround other body structures. This includes muscle, fat, blood vessels, nerves, tendons and the lining of your joints.

There are more than 70 types of sarcoma. Treatment for sarcoma varies depending on sarcoma type, location and other factors.

Signs and symptoms of sarcoma include:

• A lump that can be felt through the skin that may or may not be painful
• Bone pain
• A broken bone that happens unexpectedly, such as with a minor injury or no injury at all
• Abdominal pain
• Weight loss

c).Leukemia

Leukemia is a blood cancer caused by a rise in the number of white blood cells in your body.

Those white blood cells crowd out the red blood cells and platelets that your body needs to be healthy. The extra white blood cells don’t work right.

Leukemia Symptoms

Different types of leukemia can cause different problems. You might not notice any signs in the early stages of some forms. When you do have symptoms, they may include:

• Weakness or fatigue
• Bruising or bleeding easily
• Fever or chills

d)Contagious

A contagious disease is a subset category of transmissible diseases, which are transmitted to other persons, either by physical contact with the person suffering the disease, or by casual contact with their secretions or objects touched by them or airborne route among other routes.[1] Contagiousness varies between diseases.

e)Infectious

Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful. But under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease.

Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person. Some are transmitted by insects or other animals. And you may get others by consuming contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment.

Signs and symptoms vary depending on the organism causing the infection, but often include fever and fatigue. Mild infections may respond to rest and home remedies, while some life-threatening infections may need hospitalization.

f). Founder of Chloroquine Phosphate

Chloroquine phosphate is used to prevent and treat malaria. It is also used to treat amebiasis. Chloroquine phosphate is in a class of drugs called antimalarials and amebicides. It works by killing the organisms that cause malaria and amebiasis.

g)Dengue Fever

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus.Symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection. These may include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash. Recovery generally takes two to seven days. In a small proportion of cases, the disease develops into severe dengue, also known as dengue hemorrhagic fever, resulting in bleeding, low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage, or into dengue shock syndrome, where dangerously low blood pressure occurs.

Dengue virus is primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitos, The classic symptoms of dengue include a high fever, severe pain in the muscles, bones, and joints, pain behind the eyes, severe headaches, nausea and vomiting, and a rash. Most patients recover from dengue infections with rest and fluids. Some patients develop severe dengue, a more serious condition that occurs when blood plasma leaks through the capillaries. Severe dengue can lead to internal bleeding, shock, and organ failure.

h).Rheumatic Fever

Rheumatic fever is a complication of untreated strep throat that can be life-threatening. Thanks to antibiotics, rheumatic fever is rare in the U.S. and other developed countries. It can cause permanent damage to the heart and heart failure. It is most common in children ages 5 to 15 years old.

Causes

Rheumatic fever is an inflammation in the heart, joints, skin or central nervous system that can occur following inadequately treated strep throat or scarlet fever. These diseases are caused by an infection of Group A streptococcus bacteria. Proper treatment of strep can prevent rheumatic fever.

Rheumatic fever usually occurs about two to four weeks after a strep throat infection, and can be so mild you don’t even know you have it.
The symptoms vary and may include:

• Fever.
• Painful and tender joints, most often the ankles, knees, elbows or wrists.
• Pain that moves from joint to joint.

i).Shock vs. Coma

Insulin shock makes it sound like the body is in shock, which isn't true. Shock is, first and foremost, a lack of blood flow to important areas of the body, like the brain. It usually comes with very low blood pressure. The most common symptom of low blood sugar is confusion (yeah, I know, that's supposed to go with diabetic coma – just stay with me here), not low blood pressure. In fact, insulin shock doesn't affect the blood pressure much at all.

Diabetic coma is a life-threatening diabetes complication that causes unconsciousness. If you have diabetes, dangerously high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) or dangerously low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can lead to a diabetic coma.

If you lapse into a diabetic coma, you're alive — but you can't awaken or respond purposefully to sights, sounds or other types of stimulation. Left untreated, a diabetic coma can be fatal.

The idea of a diabetic coma is scary, but you can take steps to help prevent it. Start by following your diabetes treatment plan.

5). what is the rule of 9s in burn

The rule of nines is a method doctors and emergency medical providers use to easily calculate the treatment needs for a person who’s been burned.

The rule of nines is meant to be used for:

• second-degree burns, also known as partial-thickness burns
• third-degree burns, known as full-thickness burns

6). "Edema"is the medical term for swelling. Body parts swell from injury or inflammation. It can affect a small area or the entire body. Medications, pregnancy, infections, and many other medical problems can cause edema. Edema happens when your small blood vessels leak fluid into nearby tissues.

7). Dengue

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection. These may include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash. Recovery generally takes two to seven days.

Prevention: Dengue fever vaccine, decreasing ...

Causes: Dengue virus by Aedes mosquitos

Other names: Dengue, breakbone fever

Symptoms: Fever, headache, muscle and joint .

8). Nephrotic syndrome

A kidney disorder that causes the body to excrete too much protein in the urine.

Nephrotic syndrome is often caused by damage to small blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste and excess water from the blood. An underlying health condition usually plays a role.

Symptoms include swelling around the eyes and in the feet and ankles, foamy urine and weight gain due to excess fluid retention.

Treatment addresses underlying conditions and might include blood pressure medication and water pills.

9). Glomerular diseases damage the glomeruli, letting protein and sometimes red blood cells leak into the urine. Sometimes a glomerular disease also interferes with the clearance of waste products by the kidney, so they begin to build up in the blood. Furthermore, loss of blood proteins like albumin in the urine can result in a fall in their level in the bloodstream. A number of different diseases can result in glomerular disease. It may be the direct result of an infection or a drug toxic to the kidneys, or it may result from a disease that affects the entire body, like diabetes or lupus.

10).

Rheumatic diseases affect your joints tendons, ligaments, bones, and muscles. Among them are many types of arthritis, a term used for conditions that affect your joints.

Sometimes they’re called musculoskeletal diseases. Common symptoms include:

• Joint pain
• Loss of motion in a joint or joints
• Inflammation -- swelling, redness, and warmth in a joint or affected area

The medical field that studies these types of conditions is called rheumatology.