In: Accounting
Acct 6003 Chapter 3 Homework
Use the following information to work the problems. Each problem stands alone.
Bernard Windows is a small company that installs windows. Its cost structure is as follows:
Selling price for each window installation $500
Variable cost of each window installation $400
Annual fixed costs $150,000
#1. This is also TRY IT 3-2 on page 75.
Calculate (a) the breakeven point in units and revenue and (b) the number of windows Bernard Windows must install and the revenues needed to earn a target operating income of $100,000.
#2. TRY IT 3-3 on page 77.
Same information as above but now tax rate is 30%. Calculate the number of windows Bernard Windows must install and the revenues needed to earn a target net income of $63,000.
#3. TRY IT 3-4 on page 82. Calculate the margin of safety in units and dollars and the margin of safety percentage if the company expects to sell 2,400 windows in the year.
#4. TRY IT 3-5 on page 84. Number of units sold is 2500.
Bernard is considering changing its sales compensation for next year. Bernard would pay salespeople a 5% commission next year and reduce fixed costs by $62,500. Calculate the degree of operating leverage at sales of 2,500 units under the two options. Comment briefly on the result.
#5. TEY IT 3-6 on page 87.
Bernard Windows plans to sell two different brands of windows-- Chad and Musk--- and budgets the following:
Chad Musk Total
Expected sales 2500 1000 3500
Revenues (500 and 350 per unit) $1,250,000 $350,000 $1,600,000
Variable cost ( 400 and 275 per unit) $1,000,000 $275,000 $1,275,000
Contribution margin (100 and 75 ) 250,000 $75,000 $325,000
Fixed costs $195,000
Operating income $130,000
Calculate the break even point for Bernard Windows in terms of the (a) number of units sold and (b) revenues.
1.(a). Breakeven point (in units) = Fixed cost / Contribution margin per unit
Contribution margin per unit = Selling price per unit - Variable cost per unit
= $500 - $400 = $100 per unit
Breakeven point ( in units) = $150,000 / $100 per unit
Breakeven point ( in units) = 1500 units
Breakeven point ( in revenue) = Fixed Cost / Contribution margin ratio
Contribution margin ratio = ( Selling price per unit - Variable cost per unit) / Selling price per unit * 100
= ($500 - $400) / $500 * 100
= 20%
Breakeven point ( in revenue) = $150,000 / 20%
Breakeven point ( in revenue) = $750,000
(b). Let x be the unknown quantity of units Bernard Windows must sell to earn an operating income of $100,000. Selling price is $500
Revenue - Variable cost - Fixed cost = operating income
($500 * x) - ($400*x) - $150,000 = $100,000
($100* x) = $250,000
x = $250,000 / $100 per unit = 2,500 units
Quantity of units required to be sold = 2,500 units
Revenue to earn an operating income of $100,000 is
Revenue = Number of units required to be sold * Selling Price
Revenue = 2,500 * $500 = $1,250,000
2. Target operating income = Target net income / (1 - Tax Rate)
= $63,000 / (1 - 0.30)
= $90,000
In other words, to earn a target net income of $63,000, Bernard Windows Target operating income is $90,000.
Proof: Target operating income $90,000
Tax at 30% ( $90,000*0.30) $27,000
Target net income $63,000
Calculation of number of units Bernard Windows must sell:
Quantity of units required to be sold = Fixed cost + Target operating income / Contribution margin per unit
= $150,000 + $90,000 / $100 = $2,400 units
Quantity of units required to be sold = 2,400 units
Revenue to earn net income of $63,000 is:
Revenue = Number of units required to be sold * Selling price
= 2,400 * $500
Revenue = $1,200,000
3. Margin of Safety = Budgeted revenue - Breakeven revenue
= $1,200,000 - $750,000
Margin of Safety = $450,000
Margin of safety (in units) = Budgeted Sales (units) - Breakeven Sales (units)
= 2,400 - 1,500
Margin of safety (in units) = 900 units
The margin of safety indicated that sales would have to decrease by 900 units and revenue by $450,000 before the breakeven point is reached.
Margin of safety percentage = Margin of safety in dollars / Budgeted revenues
= $450,000 / $1,200,000 * 100 = 37.5%
This result means that revenue would have to decrease substantially, by 60%, to reach the breakeven revenues.
4. At any given level of sales,
Degree of operating leverage = Contribution margin / Operating income
The following table shows the degree of operating leverage at sales 2,500 units for the two options.
Option 1 No Commission |
Option 2 5% Commission |
|
1. Selling price | $500 | $500 |
2. Variable cost($400; $400 = 0.05*$500) | $400 | $425 |
3.Contribution margin per unit | $100 | $75 |
4.Contribution margin (row 3. * 2,500) |
$250,000 | $187,500 |
5.Fixed Cost | $150,000 | $87,500 |
6.Operating income | $100,000 | $100,000 |
7.Degree of operating leverage (row 4 / row 6) | $250,000/ $100,000 = 2.50 | $187,500/ $100,000 = 1.875 |
The result indicates that when sales are 2,500 units, a 1% change in sales and contibution margin will result in 2.5% change in operating income for option 1.
For option 2, a 1% change in sales and contribution margin will result in onlyn 1.875% change in operating income. The degree of operating leverage at a given level of sales helps manager to calculate effect of sales fluctuations on operating income.
5. Let we assume that the budgeted sales mix (2,500 units of chad windows sold for every 1,000 units of Musk windows sold, that is a ratio of 5:2) will not change at different levels of total unit sales.
Number of units of Chad Windows and Musk Windows in each bundle | Contribution Margin per unit for Chad Windows and Mask Windows | Contribution margin of the bundle | |
Chad Windows | 5 | $100 | $500 |
Musk windows | 2 | $75 | $150 |
Total | $650 |
To calculate breakeven point, we calculate the number of bundles Bernard needs to sell.
Breakeven point in bundles = Fixed cost / Contribution margin per bundle
= $195,000 / $650 = 300 bundles
a. Breakeven point in units of Chad Windows and Musk windows is as follows:
Chad windows: 300 bundles * 5 units per bundle = 1,500 units
Musk windows: 300 bundles * 2 units per bundle = 600 units
Total number of units to breakeven = 1,500 + 600 = 2,100 units
b. The breakeven point in dollars for Chad windows and Musk windows is as follows:
Chad windows: 1,500 units * $500 per unit = $750,000
Musk windows: 600 units * $350 per unit = $210,000
Breakeven revenue = $750,000 + $210,000 = $960,000