Question

The expected penalty for violation of an environmental regulation

a.is a function of both monitoring and sanctioning

b.the mean value of the range of fines as expressed in the regulation

c.most effective if it is less than the marginal cost of abatement

d.independent of the probability of getting caught in violation

Enforcement of technology standards

a.requires continuous monitoring

b.becomes more costly when there are advances in monitoring technology

c.is not effective in practice

d.can be done using random site visits

Pollution standards are usually set by national authorities while enforcement is usually left to local authorities.

a.True

b.False

When did environmental policy shift from the state level to the federal level?

a.1950s

b.1960s

c.1970s

d.1980s

Answer 1

Answers)

1: b: b.the mean value of the range of fines as expressed in the regulation.

According to the environmental protection act 1986 of US, any kind of violation can pay fine of one lakh as well as personal can be sent to jail for five years. This is the  expected penalty for violation of an environmental regulation.

2: a) requires continuous monitoring

Enforcement of technology standards says to gain continuously information and continuous checkups and share the information.

3: true

pollution standards are usually set by national authorities while enforcement is usually left to local authorities.

4) c: 1970s

President richard nixon signed on the US federal or national environmental policy act on new year day in 1970, new environmental laws has be imposed as bout the pollution and so on

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