Question

Question

1) what is anxiety and how is it related to stress?

2) Describe differences between Schizophrenia and Bipolar disorders.

3) List 2 risk factors of child abuse

- possible causes

-Appropriate Nuring interventions

Answer 1

Answer1:

Anxiety is your body’s natural response to stress. It is a feeling of fear and apprehension about what’s to come. The first day of school, going to a job interview, or giving a speech may cause most people to feel fearful and nervous. But if your feelings of anxiety are extreme, last for longer than six months, and are interfering with your life, you may have an anxiety disorder.

Most people experience stress and anxiety from time to time. Stress is any demand placed on your brain or physical body. People can report feeling stressed when multiple competing demands are placed on them. The feeling of being stressed can be triggered by an event that makes you feel frustrated or nervous. Anxiety is a feeling of fear, worry, or unease. It can be a reaction to stress, or it can occur in people who are unable to identify significant stressors in their life.

Stress and anxiety are not always bad. In the short term, they can help you overcome a challenge or dangerous situation. Examples of everyday stress and anxiety include worrying about finding a job, feeling nervous before a big test, or being embarrassed in certain social situations. If we did not experience some anxiety we might not be motivated to do things that we need to do (for instance, studying for that big test!).

Answer2:

Symptoms

Bipolar disorder causes strong shifts in energy, mood, and activity levels. A person with bipolar disorder will switch between extreme excitement, or mania, and depression. These shifts can affect your ability to perform daily activities. In some cases, a person with bipolar disorder may also experience hallucinations and delusions (see below).

Schizophrenia causes symptoms that are more severe than the symptoms of bipolar disorder. People with schizophrenia experience hallucinations and delusions. Hallucinations involve seeing or hearing things that aren’t there. Delusions are beliefs in things that aren’t true. People with schizophrenia may also experience disorganized thinking in which they are unable to care for themselves.

Frequency and ages affected

Bipolar disorder affects approximately 2.2 percent of people in the United States. Typically, it first appears between the late teen years and early adulthood. Children can also show signs of bipolar disorder.

Schizophrenia isn’t as common as bipolar disorder. It affects 1.1 percent of the U.S. population. People usually learn they have it between the ages of 16 and 30. Schizophrenia isn’t usually seen in children.

Symptoms of bipolar disorder

People with bipolar disorder experience episodes of intense emotions. These include three main types of episodes:

Manic episodes are times of increased activity and energy. A manic episode can make you feel extremely happy or elated.

Hypomanic episodes are similar to manic episodes, but they’re less intense.

Depressive episodes are similar to those of people with major depression. A person having a depressive episode will feel severely depressed and lose interest in activities that they used to enjoy.

To be diagnosed with bipolar disorder, you have to have at least one episode of depression that meets the criteria for a major depressive episode. You must also have at least one episode that meets the criteria for a manic or hypomanic episode.

Other behavioral changes that may be symptoms of bipolar disorder include:

1. restlessness
2. hyperactivity
3. tiredness
4. trouble staying focused
5. irritability
6. extreme self-confidence and impulsivity, in the case of a manic episode
7. suicidal thoughts, in the case of a depressive episode

People with bipolar disorder can also experience psychotic symptoms during a manic or depressive episode. These can include hallucinations or delusions. Because of this, people may mistake their bipolar symptoms for those of schizophrenia.

Symptoms of schizophrenia

The symptoms of schizophrenia are divided into two groups, generally referred to as “positive symptoms” and “negative symptoms.” This isn’t based on whether a symptom is good or bad, but on whether the symptoms involve what could be described as “adding” or “removing” a behavior. Positive symptoms involve adding a behavior, such as delusions or hallucinations. Negative symptoms involve removing behavior. For instance, the symptom of social withdrawal involves removing social interactions.

Some of the early warning signs of schizophrenia may include:

1. social isolation
2. a loss of interest in activities
3. moodiness
4. a lack of any feelings
5. making irrational statements
6. surprising or unusual behavior
7. an altered sleep schedule getting either too much or too little sleep
8. an inability to express emotions
9. inappropriate laughter
10. violent outbursts
11. acts of violence toward yourself, such as cutting yourself
12. hypersensitivity to smells, touches, tastes, and sounds
13. hallucinations, which often appear as threatening or condemning voices that may tell you to act in violent ways.

Answer 3:

Parental factors
It is well known that abusive parents often report having been physically, sexually or emotionally abused as children.

Substance abuse has become an increasing problem. The Child Protection Unit reports that drug use, combined with the parent’s history of abuse as children, is resulting in caseloads comprised of seriously dysfunctional families.

Parents’ lack of knowledge of childhood development may result in unreasonable or unrealistic expectations. Lack of parenting skills and inappropriate attitudes can contribute to abusive behaviour, for example, acceptance of violence as a way to solve problems.

Specific situations, such as unwanted pregnancy, physical illness and the poor ability to empathise with their children can substantially increase the likelihood of abuse, particularly when social stress and social isolation characterise the family.

Child factors
Certain children are more vulnerable to abusive behaviour. The child’s age and physical, mental, emotional and social development can greatly increase or decrease the likelihood of abuse.

In general, children who are perceived to be “different”, such as disabled children, are at greater risk of abuse. Children who are socially isolated may also be at high risk. For example, a child who does not have close relationships with his family and has few or no friends may be more susceptible to offers of attention and affection in exchange for sex.

Family factors
Specific life situation of some families can increase the likelihood of abuse, such as marital conflict, domestic violence, unemployment, financial stress and social isolation. However, these factors in themselves may not cause abuse.

Families involved in child abuse tend to exhibit a pattern of day-to-day interaction characterised by minimal social exchange, low responsiveness to positive behaviour and high responsiveness to negative behaviour.

Environmental factors
Environmental factors are often found in combination with the above factors. The incidence of child abuse is higher in some cultures and societies than others. What one culture defines as child abuse may be a socially acceptable interaction in other cultures.

Stress caused by poverty is associated with higher rates of reported child abuse, as evidenced at times of increased unemployment and economic recessions.