Question

Identify the key features of the inflammatory response in immunity.

Answer 1

The immune system in the body helps to fight against various pathogens like bacteria, fungus, virus, protozoa, parasite and also against physical, chemical and traumatic injuries. Inflammation is the response of the body's immune system against these pathogens and injuries. The immune system carries out the defence mechanism by using various cells and molecules. Inflammation is characterised by redness, heat, pain, swelling

The inflammation process accumulates fluid, cells and proteins from the blood to the affected tissue area.

The main key features of the inflammatory response in immunity are:

• activation of cells in the immune system.

• vasodilation, which increases the blood flow to the affected area.

• increased vascular permeability.

•cellular infiltration or direct movement of inflammatory cells to the site of injury through the blood vessels

The sequence includes the changes in hemodynamic, vessel permeability and interaction of leukocyte with endothelial cell and interstitial tissues.

To maintain vascular change more immune cells are accumulated at the infection site. These immune cell-like leukocytes secrete inflammatory mediators.

Vasodilation is stimulated by the release of inflammatory mediators like histamine, prostaglandins, serotonin, bradykinin, nitrous oxide. Endothelial cells get retracted due to the action of inflammatory mediators and increase vascular permeability. This results in the leakage of plasma into the interstitial tissue (leads to oedema) and allows migration of immune cells to the site of injury.

Elimination of causative agent by immune cells gradually resolve inflammation and initiate tissue repair.