Question

1. Pick 4 glands, outline all of the hormones released, the target of each hormone, the stimulus (what causes it to be released), and the action of the hormone on the target.

2. Discuss the process of hemostasis and blood clotting

Answer 1

Pancreas is a glandular organ in the upperabdomen.The pancreas has two main function an exocrine function that helps in digestion and endocrine function that regulates blood sugar. Exocrine secretion of the pancrease include the pancreatic juice which has two critical product which is crucial to digestion, digestive enzyme and bicarbonate.The endocrine component of the pancreas consists of islets of langherans that creates and secretes two hormones Insulin and Glucagon, insulin acts to lower the blood sugar and glucagon acts to release glucose into the blood. Insulin is a chemical messanger that allows cells to absorb glucose from the blood, the higher the level of glucose in blood more insulin goes into production to balance the sugar levels.

The Pitutory gland is small oval shaped gland located behind nose and the under side of the brain which is attached to the hypothalamus, the hormones released from the posterior lobe include the vasopressin and oxytocin., oxytocin is produced by tha paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, major target of this hormone include the testis and ovary and is responsible for stimulation of milk ejection and uterine contraction during labor, it is released in response to stretching of cervix and uterus dyring labor.The anterior lobe of the pitutory produces, the growth stimulating hormone, the thyroid stimulating hormone, ACTH, LH,FSH, Prolactin etc.the anterior lobe is responsible for several physiological process like growth, reproduction,stres lactation etc.

Thyroid gland is a butterfly shaped organ located in the base of your neck, and it releases hormone that controls metabolism, the thyroid hormone regulates vital body functions like breathing, heart rate, body temperature, menstrual cycle etc.The thyroid gland uses iodine from food you eat to make two main hormones Triiodothyroxine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4), if T3 and T4 are low in blood the pitutory gland releases more TSH which stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone, if T3 and T4 levels are high the pitutory releases less Tsh to thyroid gland to slow down the production of these hormomes, T3 and T4 regulates your heart rate and how fast your intestine process food.

Adrtenal gland found above each kidney are endocrine glands that produce variety of hormones including adrenaline, aldostereone and cortisol. The adrenal cortex produces hormones that are vital to life such as cortisol which helps regulate metabolism and helps your body to respond to stress and aldosterone controls your blood pressure. The Adrenal medula produces hormone such as adrenaline which rapidly prepares your body to spring into action in a stresful situation, this hormone responds to stress by increasing your heart rate and rushing blood to the muscles and brains

2.Hemostasis is the natural process that stops blood loss due to an injury.. during hemostasis three steps occur in rapid sequence, the first step is Vaso constriction occurs which constricts the blood vessels so less amount of blood is lost. in the second step there is formation of platlet plug, when an injury occurs platlets adhere to damaged endothelium to form platlet plug, when platlets are activated they express glycoprotien receptors that interacts with other platlets producing aggregation and adhesion, this process results in platlets plug that seals the injured area, the final step being the clot formation, in this clotting factor is activated in a sequence of events known as coagulation cascade which leads to formation of fibrin from inactive fibronegen plasma protien, fibrin mesh is produced around the platlet plug to hold it in place, during this process some red and white blood cells are trapped in this mesh which makes the plug harder and is called thrombus or clot,this function as primary clot this fibrin clot can form in less than a minute.