Question

The routine practice of "ghost surgery" is well documented in medicine. Ghost surgery refers to any medical procedure in which the contracting physician was not the actual physician who performed the procedure. In many instances the patient is completely unaware simply because the patient is unconscious at the time. Ghost surgery is not, strictly speaking, limited to surgical procedures. The same phenomenon occurs in a variety of medical settings from radiology to routine lab work. In some instances, ghost surgery is a necessary component of the medical system, for example with the obvious need to train medical students to become the future surgeons of the world.

Please review and discuss the Tunkl and Shorter cases; each addressed a different aspect of responsibility and liability. Please consider all views and write a position paper setting forth how you would propose to resolve a good balance between the rights of patients and the often necessary practical needs of the medical community to train new care givers.

Answer 1

The effort setting in which nurses deliver upkeep to patients can control the excellence and security of patient maintenance. As the major health care staff, nurses relate their information, services, and knowledge to upkeep for the numerous and altering requirements of patients. A large part of the demands of patient care is centered on the work of nurses. When care falls short of standards, whether because of resource allocation (e.g., workforce shortages and lack of needed medical equipment) or lack of appropriate policies and standards, nurses shoulder much of the responsibility. This reproduces the sustained misinterpretation of the better possessions of the frequent, multifaceted health care schemes and the work environment influences. Thoughtful about the difficulty of the work setting and attractive in policies to recover its effects is supreme to advanced quality, harmless upkeep. Great dependability governments that have philosophies of security and exploit on indication founded practice offer promising working circumstances to nurses and are devoted to refining the security and excellence of care.

Health care facilities are delivered to patients in a situation with multifaceted connections amongst many influences, such as the sickness procedure himself, clinicians, knowledge, strategies, events, and resources. When these multifaceted issues interrelate, damaging and unexpected consequences can happen. Human error has been distinct as a disappointment of a deliberate act or an arrangement of mental or bodily movements to be finished as envisioned, or the usage of an incorrect strategy to attain a consequence. By meaning, mistakes are a reasoning marvel since mistakes reproduce human act that is a reasoning movement. Near failures, or “respectable clasps,” are distinct as proceedings, circumstances, or events that could have produced adverse penalties and damaged a patient, but did not. Influences complicated in near failures have the possible to be influences complicated in mistakes if vicissitudes are not completed to disturb or even eliminate their possible for creating mistakes.

Though the true amount of mistakes and opposing proceedings may not be recognized since due to under reportage, disappointment to identify a mistake, and nonexistence of patient harm, it is problematic to comprehend the rifeness of mistakes since there are changes in meanings of reportable mistakes and adverse proceedings. Investigation and excellence development creativities have absorbed predominately on medicine security due to existing info schemes and the possible incidence for which mistakes can happen. In the case of medicines, the categories and reasons of faults designate how nurses are at the “shrill finish.” Medicines posture the main basis of errors, yet countless do not consequence in patient injury. Since mistakes truly occur throughout the procedure of medicine treatments, the normal ‘practice’ has been to guilt entities. A medicine involvement goes from recommending, transliterating, and provision to administration. Doctors are chiefly accountable for recommending medicines and nurses are chiefly accountable for managing medicines to patients. Mistakes made by doctors can be interrupted by druggists and nurses, errors made by druggists can be interrupted by nurses, and mistakes made by nurses could possibly be interrupted by aristocracies or patients.