Question

Describe how might data be collected? Be sure to examine and discuss quantitative and qualitative or mixed methods options.

Answer 1

There are many ways data can be collected for research. The data collection methods are categorized into 2 methods, namely:

1. Quantitative Method - In this data collection method, the individual collects data using structured techniques, like, using of survey and questionnaires, systematic observations, data (historical, medical, etc.), etc. These methods target a large sample size to collect large number of data.
2. Qualitative Method - In this data collection method, the individual collects data using unstructured or semi-structured techniques, like, interviews, focus groups, observation, etc. These methods target small sample size to collect relevant data.

Data Collection Techniques:

Survey, and Questionnaires: These include structured questions asking for opinions or views to collect data. These are easy to construct and a large number of data can be collected from a lot of people. Time and cash spent less for its construction and use.

Focus Groups and Group Discussions: These are used to gain opinion and views of a specific group with something in common. These techniques help collect large number of data which can be later on categorized and analyzed systematically.

Interviews: These can be used to collect both quantitative as well as qualitative data. Face-to-face interviews, telephonic interviews, group interviews, etc. are the examples of interviews. Interviews are either formal (having structured, specific, and close-ended questions) or are informal (having unstructured, and open-ended questions).

Analysis of Documents, records and other data: These techniques employ reviewing of prior available documents to collect data. Case studies and histories, demographic samples, historical data and records, review of literature or research documents, etc. help gain data that can be important in formulating a hypothesis, or conceptualizing a research design or for gathering knowledge for analysis.

Observation: These are done to observe targeted behaviors, their frequency and how they are intertwined to other things in the environment. There are many types of observation categorized as quantitative (numerical records - number of days, height, weight, etc.) and qualitative (subjective records - Color, smell, taste, etc.). Observation techniques include

• Participation Observation - Observed by individual himself by getting involved in the behavior or group.
• Non-Participatory Observation - Observed by individual himself by not getting involved.
• Controlled Observation - Everything is pre-planned and definite. They can use mechanical devices, have set standards, etc.
• Naturalistic Observation - Behavior is observed in its natural environment, where it occurs every day.
• Scientific Observation - Usually made in controlled environment and has specific goals, standards and rules. It is carried out for scientific research only.