Question

Chronic kidney disease is a gradual loss of kidney function. In this assignment, you will explore this disease in more detail using the scenario below.

Scenario:
You are a healthcare provider who is preparing to meet with a patient who has recently been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease. You are tasked with explaining this disease and its treatment options to your patient.

To complete this assignment, do the following:

Research this disease using a minimum of 2 source(s). You can use your textbook for one of the sources. Choose the remaining sources from the GALE Virtual Reference Library provided on the Structure and Function of the Human Body library guide page.

In a minimum of 2 pages (not counting the references page), address the following:

Explain how chronic kidney disease develops and the potential causes.

Describe the treatment options that exist.

Include a references page at the end of your document, formatted using the APA guidelines, that lists your research sources.

Answer 1

Chronic renal failure or End stage renal disease is a progressive,irreversible,deterioration in real function in which the bodys ability to maintain metabolic and and flyid and electrolyte balance fails resulting in uremia or azotemia.Condition that causes ESRD are diabetes mellitus,hypertension,chronic glomerulonephritis,pyelonephritis,obstruction of urinary tract,polycystic kidneu disease,infections,medications or toxic agents.Comorbid conditions that develop during chronic renal insufficiency contribute to the high morbidity and mortality among patients with ESRD.Environmental and occupational agents that have been implicated in chronic renal failure include lead,cadmium,mercury and chromium.

As renal function declines ,the end products of protein metabolism accumulate in the blood.Uraemia develops and adversely affects every system in the body .The greater the build up of waste products the more severe the symptoms.The rate of decline in renal function and the progression of chronic renal failureis related to the underlying disorder ,the urinary excretion of protein and the presence of hypertension.The disease tends to progress more rapidly in patients who excrete significant amounts of protein or have elevated blood pressure than in those without these conditions.

The goal of mamnagement is to maintain kidney function and homeostasis for as long as possible All fctors that contribute to ESRD and all factors that are reversible are identified and treated.Management is accomplished primarily with medicines and diet therapy ,although dialysis may be needed to decrease the level of uremic waste products in the blood and to control electrolyte balance.Complications can be prevented by administering calcium supplements,anti hypertensives and cardiac medications,anti seizure medications and erythropoeitin.Dietary intervention is necessary with deterioration of renal function and includes careful regulation of protein intake,fluid intake to balance fluid losses,sodium intake to balance sodium lossescaloric intake and vitamin supp and some restriction of potassium.At the smetime adequate caloric intake and vitamin supplementation must be ensured.Protein is restricted because urea,uric acid and organic acids accumulate rapidly in the blood when there is impaired renal clearance.The allowed protein must be of high biologic value .The fluid alllowance per day is 500ml to 600ml more than the previous day 24 hour urine output .Hyperkalemia is usually prevented by ensuring adequate dialysis treatment with potassium removal and careful monitoring of diet,medications and fluids for their potassium content.

The patients with increasing symptoms of CRF is referred to a dialysis and transplantation center early in the course of progressive renal disease.it is usually initiated when the patient cannot maintain a reasonable lifestyle with conservative management.For patients with CRF ,haemodialysis prevents death,although t does not cure renal disease and does not compensate for the ,losss of endocrine or metabolic activities of the kidneys.

References

Fox,C.S.,Lasrson,M.G.,Leip,E,P.,et al.(2004).Predictors of new -onset kidney disease in a community-based population.Journal of American Medical Association,291(7),844-850.

Holley,J.L.(2003).Advance care plannning in the elderly chronic dialysis patients .International Urology Nursing ,35(4),565-568.