Question

2. The data below are from the 2016 General Social Survey. Respondents were asked to describe whether their religion was (1) fundamentalist, (2) moderate or (3) liberal. Respondents were also asked whether they believed in evolution from the statement “Human beings developed from animals.” Respondents not believing in evolution said (1) “false” while supporters of evolution said (2) “true”. Which variable below is the independent variable? The dependent variable? Correctly percentage the data in the table. (Do not calculate the marginal percentages) Conduct a Chi-square test to determine if the two variables are associated. State the research and null hypothesis. What table value is needed to establish an initial alpha value of 0.001? Work out your computations to at least 3 places to the right of the decimal point. Do you reject or not reject the null hypothesis? Explain why. What is the observed level of statistical significance for the calculated test statistic? Interpret the value of the Somers d associated with the table which is 0.342 (sig. = 0.000). Using all the information from the analysis, what do you conclude about the relationship between the respondent religion and view of evolution? Humans evolved from animals Religion Fundamentalist Moderate Liberal False 109 108 35 True 39 138 153

Answer 1

Independent variable here is the Religion and dependent variable here is the response for the question whether Humans evolved from animals.

R codes :

> tab=matrix(c(109,108,35,39,138,153),nrow=2,byrow=T)
> rownames(tab)=c("False","True")
> colnames(tab)=c("Fundamentalist","Moderate","Liberal")
> tab
Fundamentalist Moderate Liberal
False 109 108 35
True 39 138 153

Marginal % :
> tab*100/sum(tab)
Fundamentalist Moderate Liberal
False 18.728522 18.55670 6.013746
True 6.701031 23.71134 26.288660
To test H0 : no association between religion and response for human evolution ag. H1 : association between religion and response for human evolution
> chisq.test(tab)

   Pearson's Chi-squared test

data: tab
X-squared = 102.21, df = 2, p-value < 2.2e-16
Significance level = 0.001
Test statistic = 102.21
Since p-value < 0.001, we reject H0 and conclude that there is significant association between religion and response for human evolution.