Question

Compare and contrast the national health systems across the following four countries: USA, Canada, Great Britain, and Germany. Describe the type of system, how it is financed, how hospitals and physician groups are paid (reimbursed), the role of supplemental/private insurance, and the scope of coverage (universal?).  

Compare and contrast state laws in the USA regarding the scope of practice for "mid-level practitioners" (advanced practice nurses, physician assistants, other specialized providers.) Examine the health status, access to care, and economic indicators in states that have laws in place that expand the scope of practice for these providers.

Examine the topic of mandatory paid parental leave in the USA. What potential economic and health indicators could be expected if a federal law requiring paid leave were implemented? Provide examples from at least two countries (of your choice) that do provide this benefit, and also address how this leave is financed in other countries (government subsidy? covered by employers? a mix?)

Answer 1

The Unites States is the highly industrialized country without any specific universal health coverage,and the country which is spending highest for the health.The most of the populationare covered by private health insurance plans.The other population among insured are receiving their coverage through Medicare,Medicaid,and other military coverage.There are 3 main types of health insurance programs in US:

*A national health service

*A national health insurance system/Single payer system

*A multi payer health insurance system

The funding or the Health care is paid by government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid

The physician groups are reimbursed by the insurance company or government agency

Canada's is having an universal health care systemThey are funding the finance through a universal health coverage called Medicare.Through this service the canandian people have an guaranteed access to the hospital and physician sevice.They are following a "National health Insurance System" or a Single-Payer system.The physicians are reimbursed by the federal government through the insurance plan

The national health care system at the great Britain is by a state-funded system calledNational Health Service(NHS),Through which care is accessible to every one.Minorityof private health care also there in Great Britain.The reimbursement for the physician is by the federal government

The national health care system at Germany;

Germany has a universal multi-payer health care system or otherwise called as All-payer system,through which a Universal health insurance coverage will be provided as sickness funds.The multi-payer system is paid for by a combination os statutory health insurance.The reimbursement for the physician is from the sickness funds.The private health insurance funds also called sickness fund(private)

According to the laws in the USA,regarding the scope of practice for the mid-level practitioners are allowed.23 states of U.S are allowed to practice the mid-level practitioners as independently.These states are granting an autonomy to the independent nurse practitioners.There is a increased scope for these independent nurse practitioners why because most of the doctors have their own specialities such as psychiatiy,cardiology,neurology etc.They are engaged with their own speciality area rather than a family medicine,primary care and home based care.Therefore the demands for the independent nurse practitioners are increasing.They will act as a valuable member inthe society,community and even whole health care system.Most of the population can access care and is affordable for the general population.But the conflict among the public regarding the independent mid-level practitioners is they cant diagnose the specialized conditions.They can offer primary health care and common medical problems rather than specialized case

Parental paid leave is not implemented in USA.But it is essentialy for a paid parental leave for minimumof 12 weeks,why because the newborns mothers alone is difficulty to manage the baby durig the early periods.It is important that the father presence is needed for the congnitive and behavioural development of a child.The countries such as Sweden and Iceland provide this benefit for the fathers.They are getting the paid leave with the compensation calculated at the average of their two earnings or otherwise the parents can split their leave.Each of the parents receives 80% of their salary..By providing this leave there will be a natural bonding between the child and father.