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Q1; 0.4 mL of serum were added to 1.6 mL diluent and mixed. 0.4 mL of...

Q1; 0.4 mL of serum were added to 1.6 mL diluent and mixed. 0.4 mL of this mixture were then added to 1.6 mL of diluent and mixed. This process was repeated several times. What is the df in the fourth tube?

Q2: Give three examples of qualitative tests and three examples of semiquantitative tests

Q3:There are six domains of health care quality; mention any three domains

Q4;What is false positive results and false negative results? Which of these values affect sensitivity and specificity of the method

Expert Solution

Q1; 0.4 mL of serum were added to 1.6 mL diluent and mixed. 0.4 mL of this mixture were then added to 1.6 mL of diluent and mixed. This process was repeated several times. What is the df in the fourth tube?

Answer: Serum amount=0.4 mL

diluent amount=1.6 mL

Total volume=(0.4+1.6)=2.0 mL

Dilution factor for 1st tube=amount of seurum/total volume=0.4/2.0=0.2

Dilution factor for 2nd tube=0.2/2.0=0.1

Dilution factor for 3rd tube=0.1/2.0=0.05

Dilution factor for 4th tube=0.05/2.0=0.025

Hence, the answer is the Dilution factor for the 4th tube is 0.025

Q2: Give three examples of qualitative tests and three examples of semiquantitative tests

Qualitative tests are those chemical tests which are observed by the quality change such as observations in changes in colour, odour, boiling/melting point, precipitation, bubbling in chemical reactions. There are many examples of qualitative test. among them three are as follows:

1. Benedicts test for the assessment of reducing and nonreducing sugars. When the sugar solution is mixed with the benedicts solution if the colour changes from blue to orange-brick red then we can conclude that the sugar is reducing. The test is also performed to assess the sugars of urine samples.

2. Disk diffusion assays to detect the antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance by observation of zone of inhibitions around antibiotic disks

3. The presense of carbon di oxide can be detected by the gas flow in to the lime water. if the water becomes milky then it ensures the gas is Carbon di oxide.

Semiquantitative tests are those chemical tests whose result is obtained with in range like less than or more than 2. These tests are specific and insensitive. False positive/negative results are not obtained in this test. Examples of these tests are as follows:

1. The thyroid test for T3, T4 and Thyroidd stimulating hormone (TSH)

2. Total leucocyte count of blood samples

3. detection of calcium level in blood samples

Q3:There are six domains of health care quality; mention any three domains

Answer: There are six domains of health care quality are as follows:

1. Safe

2. Effective

3. Patient-centered

4. Timely

5. Efficient

6. Equitable

I am brriefing about the three domains:

Safe: It is to be make sure that the health care systems should be highly concened with the safety of patients
Timely: Pateints should be treated timely. The delay in the treatment can be harmful for the patient health
Efficient: The treatment of the patients should be efficient in terms of medications, therapies, surgeries etc.

Q4: What is false positive results and false negative results? Which of these values affect sensitivity and specificity of the method

Answer: False positive test is the observation which wrongly interpret the condition/disease. In this case the condition or the disease is not happened to the suspect but the result comes positive. It can be better understand with this example. A person is having fever and he advised to carry out Widal test for Typhoid. Many times the pateint do not have Typhoid but the report of widal test come positive showing the person is suffering from Typhoid. This is called false positive test.

False negative test is the observation in which the person is actually suffering from the disease but the result comes negative. In present scenario many persons having Covid 19 infection but initially they are found negative for the test.

In medications, sensitivity of the test tells about true positive rate which are calculated by the following formula

True positive rate = number of true positive/number of true positive+number of false negative

Hence, Sesitivity test is affected by false positivity test

and specificity of the test tells about true negative rate which are calculated by the following formula

True negative rate = number of true positive/number of true negative+number of false positive

Hence, Specificity is affected by false negative test

gladiator answered 1 hour ago

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