Question

Write on the following topics (in WORD):

1. Automation in Clinical Laboratory.

2. Particle Counter-(ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE)(History, principle clinical application).

Answer 1

Automation in Clinical Laboratory.

HISTORY :

Automation steadily spread in laboratories through the 20th century, but then a revolution took place: in the early 1980s, the first fully automated laboratory was opened by Dr. Masahide Sasaki. In 1993, Dr. Rod Markin at the University of Nebraska Medical Center created one of the world's first clinical automated laboratory management systems.

PRINCIPLE CLINICAL APPLICATION :

Automation is the use of various control systems for operating equipments and other applications with minimum human intervention. The use of automation in clinical laboratory enables to perform many tests by analytical instruments with minute use of an analyst. The automated instruments have advantages that laboratories can process more workload with minimum involvement of manpower. Also, automation minimizes the chances of variability of results and errors that generally can occur during manual analysis. The use of integrated computer hardware and software into analyzers has made the job very easy for clinical laboratories as it provides automatic process control and data processing. The use of automated analyzer has many advantages including reduction of workload, less time consumption per sample analysis, more number of tests done in less time, use of minute amount of sample, decreased chances of human errors, and high accuracy and reproducibility.

. Particle Counter-(ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE) :

HISTORY :

Wallace H Coulter discovered the Coulter principle in the late 1940s (though a patent was not awarded until October 20, 1953). Coulter was influenced by the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

PRINCIPLE CLINICAL APPLICATION :

The particle counter has become the accepted "Reference Method" throughout the world for particle size analysis and is the recommended limit test for particulate matter in large-volume parenteral solutions.

The particle counter of sizing and counting particles is based on measurable changes in electrical impedance produced by nonconductive particles suspended in an electrolyte.

A small opening (aperture) between electrodes is the sensing zone through which suspended particles pass. In the sensing zone each particle displaces its own volume of electrolyte. Volume displaced is measured as a voltage pulse; the height of each pulse being proportional to the volume of the particle.

The quantity of suspension drawn through the aperture is precisely controlled to allow the system to count and size particles for an exact reproducible volume. Several thousand particles per second are individually counted and sized with great accuracy. This method is independent of particle shape, color and density.