Question

 

1. Why do people resist philosophy?

2. What are some philosophical assumptions in business settings?

3. What kind of business questions can be answered by philosophy?

Answer 1

1.This study aims to handle the concepts regarding pressures for organizational change, resisting forces and causes of resistance to change, and ways for school administrators to overcome resisting forces. Continuous developments and range of triggers force school organizations towards change initiatives. Even though change is implemented for positive reasons like adapting to volatile environment conditions and remaining competitive, organization members often react to change efforts negatively and resist change. Some common reasons for resistance to change within school organizations include interference with need fulfilment, selective perception, habit, inconvenience or loss of freedom, economic implications, security in the past, fear of the unknown, threats to power or influence, knowledge and skill obsolescence, organizational structure and limited resources. Six specific methods helping in overcoming resistance to change that school administrator can use are education and communication, participation and involvement, facilitation and support, negotiation and agreement, manipulation and co-optation, explicit and implicit coercion.
On Resistance could be read as a warning against the dangers faced by all forms of resistance: the risk of co-option, of the escalating violence that is the hallmark of modern warfare, of the revolutionary moment allowing itself to be folded back into the ugly imperatives of authority and power. And yet the book is wholly inspired by the spirit of resistance whose often unhappy trajectories it so brilliantly describes. It is therefore asking us to do two things that may at first glance seem incompatible. To step back from the euphoria in order to take the measure of the cruel fate that hovers, always ready to pounce on people's most energised objections to injustice; and, at the same time, to go on believing in resistance as a way, perhaps the only viable way, of living in the modern world.The role of a philosopher is, and always has been, to ask the questions that no one else is asking — because the questions are too big, or too abstract or even too uncomfortable. Our culture really needs philosophers’ ability to reflect on how we’re living our lives. But I think some philosophers tend to stay in the ivory tower and have discussions using so much jargon that other people can’t understand them. Many philosophers aren’t engaged with the public. Also, some people in the general public have become distrustful of academics and philosophical thinking. Fortunately, there’s a growing push for philosophers to go public.

2.Epistemology, a branch of philosophy, examines and contributes as a theory of knowledge by considering the nature and definition of knowledge as being truth within certain limitations while ontology defines the nature of being, entities that can exist and their categories in groups, hierarchies, or divisions. The main aim of this paper is to embrace on the pre-understanding of epistemology and ontology, regardless of their schools of thought as it will provide them the proper guidance and a philosophical dualist perspective. Four domains of epistemic assumptions have been identified but one is incoherent due to the mismatch between epistemology and ontology. Though each epistemic assumption has its own interpretation in management research, there is no particular domain that can be considered right or wrong, perfect or imperfect. A proper and effective research design is the major concern in management research, where the researcher's epistemic and methodological self-directed actions or reflexivity may put an essence in it. This paper presents a framework within which to examine and compare the main philosophical assumptions underpinning management science methods. It takes the position that they all have in common the basic mechanism of modelling, but that they differ in terms of what they model (ontology), how they model (epistemology), and why they model (axiology). A wide range of both hard and soft methods and methodologies ace categorised within the paper. One of the purposes of the framework is to assist in the process of multimethodology—that is, combining together several methods in an intervention. In particular, it will assist users in understanding both the implicit or explicit assumptions underlying methods, and their principle aims and purposes, in order to be able to make more informed and critically aware choices when designing particular combinations in practice.

3.Philosophy raises questions that address fundamental issues and beliefs and which require complex thinking rather than empirical research to answer. When we take a philosophical approach to these questions, we do not seek to provide settled answers but to develop new perspectives and alternative ideas so we can make sense of issues that are incongruent. Philosophical questions are best understood as seeking a distinctly “philosophical” resolution to a distinctly “philosophical” problem. We do not resolve philosophical problems by discovering new facts, providing accurate information or filling gaps in our knowledge. We resolve them by making sense of issues that do not seem to make sense even when we have all the information.Philosophy is the systematic and critical study of fundamental questions that arise both in everyday life and through the practice of other disciplines. Some of these questions concern the nature of reality: Is there an external world. What is the relationship between the physical and the mental .explanation.Does God exist. Others concern our nature as rational, purposive, and social beings: Do we act freely. Where do our moral obligations come from.How do we construct just political states. thers concern the nature and extent of our knowledge: What is it to know something rather than merely believe it.Does all of our knowledge come from sensory experience? Are there limits to our knowledge.And still others concern the foundations and implications of other disciplines: What is a scientific explanation What sort of knowledge of the world does science provide. Do scientific theories, such as evolutionary theory, or quantum mechanics, compel us to modify our basic philosophical understanding of, and approach to, reality. What makes an object a work of art. Are aesthetic value judgments objective.And so on.
The aim in Philosophy is not to master a body of facts, so much as think clearly and sharply through any set of facts. Towards that end, philosophy students are trained to read critically, analyze and assess arguments, discern hidden assumptions, construct logically tight arguments, and express themselves clearly and precisely in both speech and writing.