Question

1. Discuss how a pathogen causes an infection. Include definitions for primary pathogen, opportunistic pathogen, infection, disease (caused by a living organism), and various stages of pathogenesis. You can choose a specific organism to describe (like Orthomyxovirus and Influenza) or discuss a generalized infection.

2.

Describe each type of infection in the following list and include the mode of transmission in each scenario. Use terms such as primary, secondary, healthcare-associated, STI, mixed, latent, toxemia, chronic, zoonotic, asymptomatic, local, and systemic to describe the types of infections (more than one term may apply, some may not apply to these conditions)

1) The development of Pneumocystis pneumonia in an AIDS patient
2) Salmonellosis
3) Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome infection acquired while vacationing in a log cabin

Answer 1

Answer:

Q-1):

• When pathogen enter in the body or a cell of body for feeding or living or other reason it start interfair in the host cell function.
• Now cell or its function distrube by pathogen and cell now starts symptoms of pathogen that's causes of an infection by pathogen

Primary pathogen:

• It is mainly concerns that the organism has virulence mechanisms that allow it to cause disease in normal, healthy animals. Often requires only a low infectious doses.

Opportunistic pathogen:

• Implies that the organism can only cause disease in animals with impaired host defenses (antimicrobial treatment with loss of normal protective flora, catheters, surgery, burns, wounds, concurrent immunosuppressive disease or cancer, immunosuppressive drugs, genetic conditions ) Opportunists are often considered to be “normal host and environmental flora” type organisms,
• But primary pathogens are also opportunistic.

Disease :

• When pathogen infect in cell and it create adverse effect cell functioning and now host show symptom of infection is called as disease.

Pathogenesis stages:

• A pathogen must have four steps or stages of pathogenesis:

1.exposure (contact):

• it is stage when pathogen first time contact with host for feeding or infection purpose.

2.adhesion (colonization):

• pathogen start tight bonding with host cell and it make colony of pathogen on cell membrane.

3.invasion:

• At last point it enter into in the cell by making a hole in the cell membrane.

4.infection:

• Now pathogen start feeding or interfair with funvfunctio of cell.

Influenza disease:

• It is cause by bacteria sterptostrept pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are responsible for the disease pneumonia in humans which infect the alveoli of the lungs.
• As a result of the infection, the alveoli get filled with fluid leading to severe problems in respiration.
• The symptoms of pneumonia include fever,chills, cough and headache.
• Pneumonia spread by droplets and aerosols release by infected person.

Q-2):

1) The development of Pneumocystisis pneumonia in an AIDS patient is a secondary infection and systemic.

2) Salmonellosis is primary and loci.

3) Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome infection acquired while vacationing in a log cabin is a primary.

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