In 2017, it was discovered that naked mole rats (Heterocephalus glaber) could survive up to 18 minutes in an anoxic (0% oxygen) environment without any permanent damage to the organism. The normal body temperature of naked mole rats is 30°C, making them poikilothermic animals that are able to operate at a range of body temperatures and to alter its body temperature based upon the environment. Even if the animals are warmed to 37°C, they still survive 6 minutes in an anoxic environment, which is still more than 5 minutes longer than the survival of other rodents like mice. You are already familiar with the H. glaber hemoglobin, but as usual, this does not fully explain the naked mole rat ability to survive anoxia.

Blood glucose concentrations during anoxia were found to be similar in mice and mole rats, but during normoxic (normal oxygen levels) conditions, naked mole rate had a blood glucose concentration of 3.49mM while mice had 6.66mM, making them appear hypoglycemic compared to other rodents and mammals.

Explain why elevated citrate levels are surprising, why lactate elevation is not, and why these elevated levels of citrate do not inhibit lactate production in the naked mole rat during anoxia.

Ethane (C2H6) is combusted in 18.1% excess oxygen (O2) in an adiabatic reactor. The feed of ethane enters the reactor at 25.8 mol/hr and 93.7°C. The stream exiting the reactor contains ethane, oxygen, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and water (H2O), so ethane reacts by both complete and partial combustion reactions. The conversion of ethane is 15.8% and the conversion of oxygen is 12.3%. Assume that pressure effects are negligible. (a) Draw and label a process flow diagram. Number each stream and label the components (E=ethane; O2=oxygen; CO2=carbon dioxide, CO=carbon monoxide; W=water). (b) Calculate the component molar flow rates (mol/hr) for all of the exiting components. (c) Calculate the adiabatic flame temperature (°C) for the reactor. (d) If the reactor's insulation is damaged and the reactor could lose heat to the surroundings, would the exit temperature increase, decrease, or stay the same?

The importance of numerical method and method of separation of variable in heat transfer

Use the maxwell relations and the euler chain rule to express the derivative (ds/dv)T in terms of the expresion coefficient alpha, and the isothermal compressibility Kt.

You are Plant Manager at the Hokomokee Nuclear Power Station in Moustafa County, which has two 1000 MWe PWRs and are planning the fuel cycle for the next ten years. You are beginning negotiations with your fuel supplier, Verma Fuels, and must choose between the 3.3% enrichment fuel you have been using and a new 5% enrichment fuel.  

Briefly discuss two financial considerations in making this decision.

How will stirring and raising the temperature affect the rate of sugar dissolution in water? Will either approach increase the total amount of sugar that can dissolve in a given amount of water? Explain other factors that could influence the rate of dissolution of sugar in water. Describe your answers in terms of mass transfer concepts.

Methanol (CH3OH) is produced via the partial oxidization of methane (CH4). The fresh feed contains methane and oxygen that have been mixed in stoichiometric proportions. This feed is mixed with recycle gases. The single-pass conversion of methane is 10.0%. The stream leaving the reactor is passed into a separation process where the entire methanol, and none of the other materials, is removed. All of the remaining materials are recycled to be mixed with the fresh feed. Determine the feed rate of the stream entering the reactor required to produce 1000.0 mol/h of methanol. The following reaction is taking place.

what methods can be used to prevent hydrogen damage (in each of them )

- hydrogen embrittlement

- voids and blisters

- hydride formation

Material science

Describe the microstructure of fibreglass and how it will result into the properties required to process a fibreglass product

Calculate calorific value of E15 fuel. A car run by gasoline has highway mpg 33, if it runs by E15, calculate the new mpg. Ignore all other effects. If it runs only by ethanol what would be new mpg. (Points 10+10=20)

Explain three ways in which the composition of fuel changes while it is in an operating reactor, and how each change affects reactor operation.   You may discuss nuclear, chemical, or material changes, or a combination.

Distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Which ones are described
by boundary conditions and which ones manifest themselves in the differential equations

A quality analyst at Paintfast Manufacturing Co. wants to determine if a new paint formulation, used to paint parts for a customer’s assembly oper- ation will dry fast enough to meet the customer’s needs. The customer would prefer to obtain a high level of “dryability” at low temperatures, even if it requires a higher level of drying agent. He hypothesizes that a high level of drying agent will result in high dryability, high temperature— alone—will result in a moderately high level of dryability, and low temperature or a low level of drying agent will result in a low level of dryability. He hopes that the main and interaction effects with the temperature, which is expensive (because an oven would need to be used), will be minimal. The data found in the worksheet Prob. 6-24 in the Excel workbook C06Data were gathered in testing all combinations. What recommendation would you make?

A chemical engineering has been working with a local manufacturing firm. For several years the firm has been using chemical A as a solvent in their manufacturing process. Chemical A is carcinogenic, although studies supporting this claim have only recently been published. Without taking elaborate safety precautions, workers handling chemical A would be exposed to sufficient amounts to risk cancer. Moreover, the disease takes up to 20 years to manifest itself. The company has tried to implement safety procedures and controls, but workers routinely ignore them. The safety procedures slow down the manufacturing process, and the workers frequently cut corners to meet quotas. The chemical engineer knows of another chemical, B, which also serves as a catalyst in this manufacturing process but is not carcinogenic. Nevertheless, chemical B is considerably more expensive.

What should she do? Elaborate with details.

Give example about replacing dangerous solvent with a relatively safer one