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Part B Which of the following is not a true statement? Which of the following is...

Part B

Which of the following is not a true statement?

Under S_N2 and E2 conditions, primary alkyl halides form primarily substitution products.

Primary alkyl halides do not undergo S_N1 and E1 reactions.

Under S_N2 and E2 conditions, secondary alkyl halides form both substitution and elimination products.

Under S_N2 and E2 conditions, tertiary alkyl halides form both substitution and elimination products.

Under S_N1 and E1 conditions, tertiary alkyl halides form both substitution and elimination products.

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Part C

Which of the following statements about an S_N1 reaction is not correct?

The rate-limiting step has a unimolecular transition state.

The mechanism has one step.

The reaction does not depend on the concentration of the nucleophile.

Tertiary alkyl halides are more reactive than secondary alkyl halides.

Products have both identical and inverted configurations compared with the reactant.

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Part D

What product would be obtained from the S_N1 reaction of ¹³CH₂=CH-CH₂-Br with methanol?

CH₂=CH-¹³CH₂-OCH₃

CH₂=¹³CH-CH₂-OCH₃

¹³CH₂=CH-CH₂-OCH₃

¹³CH₂=CH-CH₂-OCH₃ and CH₂=CH-¹³CH₂-OCH₃

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Part E

Which of the following compounds would be the most reactive in an E2 reaction?

7-bromo-1-octene

8-bromo-1-octene

5-bromo-1-octene

6-bromo-1-octene

4-bromo-1-octene

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Part F

Which substrate forms a six-membered ring ether via an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction?

Br-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-O^-

Br-CH₂-(CH₂)₅-CH₂-O^-

Br-CH₂-(CH₂)₂-CH₂-O^-

Br-CH₂-(CH₂)₃-CH₂-O^-

Br-CH₂-(CH₂)₄-CH₂-O^-

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Part G

Which of the following reaction sequences can be used to convert 2-butene into 2-butyne?

Br₂/CH₂Cl₂, excess ^-NH₂

Br₂/CH₂Cl₂, excess HO^-

Br₂/H₂O, excess HO^-

Br₂/H₂O, excess ^-NH₂

HBr, excess ^-NH₂

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Part H

What reagents should be used to synthesize methyl isopropyl ether?

isopropyl chloride and methoxide ion

methyl alcohol and isopropoxide ion

methyl chloride and methoxide ion

methyl chloride and isopropoxide ion

isopropyl chloride and methyl chloride

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Part I

An S_N2 reaction involves back-side attack. For which of the following reactants would you be able to demonstrate that back-side attack occurs?

a racemic mixture of (R) and (S)-2-bromobutane

3-bromopentane

2-bromopropane

1-bromopentane

(R)-2-bromobutane

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Part J

How does a change to a more polar solvent affect the reaction coordinate diagram for an S_N2 reaction of an alkyl halide with a negatively charged nucleophile?

The energy of the reactants is decreased slightly, and the energy of transition state is decreased significantly more.

The energy of reactants and the energy of the transition state decrease by about the same amount.

Good. The energy of reactants is decreased, and the energy of the transition state is decreased significantly less.

The energy of the reactants and the energy of the transition state increase by about the same amount.

The energy of the reactants is increased, and the energy of the transition state remains about the same.

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Part K

What would be the major product formed from the E2 reaction between (CH₃)₂CH-CHF-CH₂CH₃ and hydroxide ion?

(CH₃)₂CH-CH=CH-CH₃

(CH₃)₂C=CH-CH₂CH₃

(CH₃)₂CH-CH₂-CH=CH₂

CH₃-CH=CH-CH₂CH₃

H₂C=C(CH₃)-CH=CH-CH₃

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Part L

Which of the following alkyl halides will be the most reactive in an E2 reaction?

1-bromo-2-methylpentane

1-bromo-2,2-dimethylpentane

1-bromo-4-methylpentane

2-bromo-3-methylpentane

3-bromo-3-methylpentane

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Part M

Which of the following statements is not correct?

An E1 reaction is favored by a strong base.

A primary alkyl halide will not undergo an E1 reaction.

A tertiary alkyl halide can undergo both E1 and E2 reactions.

An E2 reaction is a concerted reaction.

Secondary alkyl halides are more reactive than primary alkyl halides in E2 reactions.

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Part N

Which of the following is not a true statement?

If there are two hydrogens bonded to the ? carbon, both E and Z isomers will be formed in an E2 reaction.

The major product of an E1 reaction will be the alkene that has the bulkiest groups on opposite sides of the double bond.

If there are two hydrogens bonded to the ? carbon, the major product of an E2 reaction will be the alkene that has the bulkiest groups on opposite sides of the double bond.

Only the E isomer is formed in an E2 reaction.

Both E and Z isomers will be formed in an E1 reaction.

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Part O

What product will be formed from the reaction of cis-1-bromo-4-methylcyclohexane with methoxide ion?

trans-1-methoxy-4-methylcyclohexane

trans-4-methylcyclohexanol

trans- and cis-1-methoxy-4-methylcyclohexane

trans- and cis-4-methylcyclohexanol

cis-1-methoxy-4-methylcyclohexane

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Part P

Which of the following alkyl halides is the most reactive in an S_N2 reaction?

1-bromo-2,3-dimethylpropane

1-chlorobutane

1-bromobutane

1-bromo-2-methylpropane

2-bromopropane

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Part Q

Which of the following would be the best nucleophile in a protic solvent?

acetate ion

phenolate ion

methanol

methylamine

methoxide ion

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Part R

Which of the following is not a true statement?

The concentration of the alkyl halide affects the rate of an S_N1 reaction.

The nature of the leaving group affects the rate of an S_N1 reaction.

The concentration of the alkyl halide affects the rate of an S_N2 reaction.

The nature of the leaving group affects the rate of an S_N2 reaction.

The nature of the nucleophile affects the rate of an S_N1 reaction.

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Part S

What is the product of the S_N1 hydrolysis of (R)-3-chloro-3-methylheptane?

(S)-3-methyl-3-heptanol

(R) and (S)-3-methoxy-3-methylheptanol

(R) and (S)-3-methyl-3-heptanol with slightly more of the R enantiomer

(R) and (S)-3-methyl-3-heptanol with slightly more of the S enantiomer

(R)-3-methyl-3-heptanol

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Part T

If an alkyl halide undergoes both S_N1 and S_N2 reactions with methoxide ion in 75 percent methanol and 25 percent water, which of the following would increase the percentage of product produced by the S_N2 reaction?

decreasing the concentration of the alkyl halide

changing the nucleophile to methanol

increasing the concentration of methoxide ion

decreasing the concentration of methoxide ion

increasing the concentration of the alkyl halide

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A municipal wastewater treatment plant is designed for COD removal and nitrification. The wastewater characteristics and...

A municipal wastewater treatment plant is designed for COD removal and nitrification. The wastewater characteristics and kinetic coefficients are described in the table below. The aeration tank DO concentration is 2.0 mg/L and MLSS concentration is 2500 mg/L. The temperature is 15C. Assume that the concentration of influent NH4-N that is nitrified accounts for 80% of influent TKN. Calculate the following parameters as a function of SRT (i.e., derive mathematical expressions of the following parameters as a function of SRT, respectively, and show your calculation in detailed steps), and plot them as a function of SRT by varying SRT from 3 to 20 days.

(a) Effluent COD concentration (mg/L);

(b) Effluent NH4-N concentration (mg/L);

(c) Aeration tank volume (m3);

(d) Hydraulic retention time t (hours);

(e) Solids production as kg TSS/d;

(f) Oxygen requirement as kg/d.

Wastewater characteristics

Flow rate = 20,000 m3/d

VSS = 200 mg/L

COD = 352 mg/L

TKN = 40 mg/L

nbVSS = 100 mg/L

Temperature = 15 oC TSS = 220 mg/L

Kinetic coefficients of heterotrophic bacteria at 20 C

µm=6 g VSS/g VSS d

Theta for µm = 1.07

Ks=20 mg COD/L

Theta for Ks= 1.00

Y=0.4 g VSS/g VSS

Theta for kd =1.04

kd=0.12 g VSS/g VSSd

fd=0.15 g VSS/g VSS

Kinetic coefficients of nitrification at 20 C

µnm=0.75 g VSS/g VSSd

Theta for µnm = 1.07

Kn=0.74 mg NH4-N/L

Theta for Kn = 1.053

Yn=0.12 g VSS/g NH4-N

Theta for kdn =1.04

kdn=0.08 g VSS/g VSSd

Theta for Ko = 1.00

Ko=0.5 mg O2/L

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1.A liquid fuel mixture contains 29.50 % hexane (C6H14), 17.70 % heptane (C7H16), and the rest...

1.A liquid fuel mixture contains 29.50 % hexane (C6H14), 17.70 % heptane (C7H16), and the rest octane (C8H18). What maximum mass of carbon dioxide is produced by the complete combustion of 10.0 kg of this fuel mixture? 2.Many home barbeques are fueled with propane gas (C3H8).What mass of carbon dioxide (in kg) is produced upon the complete combustion of 18.9 L of propane (approximate contents of one 5-gallon tank)? Assume that the density of the liquid propane in the tank is 0.621 g/mL. (Hint: Begin by writing a balanced equation for the combustion reaction.)

2.What mass of carbon dioxide (in kg) is produced upon the complete combustion of 18.9 L of propane (approximate contents of one 5-gallon tank)? Assume that the density of the liquid propane in the tank is 0.621 g/mL. (Hint: Begin by writing a balanced equation for the combustion reaction.)

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A pump storage facility takes water from a river at night when demand is low and...

A pump storage facility takes water from a river at night when demand is low and pumps it to a hilltop reservoir 500 ft above the river. The water is returned through turbines in the daytime to help meet peak demand. (a) For a single 30-inch pipe, 2,500 ft long and carrying 20,000 gaVmin, what pumping power is needed if the pump efficiency is 85 percent? The friction loss is estimated to be 15 ft of water. (b) How much power can be generated by the turbines using the same total flow rate? (c) What is the overall efficiency of this installation as an energy storage system?

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Consider the reaction of phospene, ph3 with oxygen: 4ph3 + 8o2 ->p4o10 + 6h2o. Suppose a...

Consider the reaction of phospene, ph3 with oxygen: 4ph3 + 8o2 ->p4o10 + 6h2o. Suppose a 100 kg mixture of 50% ph3 and 50% o2 by mass enters a reactor in a single stream, and single exit stream contains 25% o2 by mass. Determine mass composition of exit stream.

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heat of reaction at 400c for the following reaction: HCl(g) + O2= Cl2(g) + H2O (g)...

heat of reaction at 400c for the following reaction:

HCl(g) + O2= Cl2(g) + H2O (g)

HHV and LHV for liquid acetone (in KJ/Kg)

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What is the effect of soil pH on: the solubility of minerals, microbial activity, the availability...

What is the effect of soil pH on: the solubility of minerals, microbial activity, the availability of plant nutrients?

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Choose the best laboratory technique to use in each of the following situations. Each answer should...

Choose the best laboratory technique to use in each of the following situations. Each answer should only be used once.

	1. You want to conform the identity of a solid organic molecule you have extracted from a flower petal. You do not have a standard sample of this material to compare it to but you do know the name of this molecule and have reference books you can use to look up physical properties of organic molecules. 2. Separation of two liquids in a volume of 76 mL that are mixed together is your goal. You plan on recovering the liquids after separation to run further tests on their properties. You know that the boiling point of liquid A is 86^oC and the boiling point of liquid B is 112^oC.
	3. You are planning to carry out a reaction of two solids dissolved in water and know that it will require heating to 90^oC for 3-4 hours. What technique can you use to accomplish this?
	4. You carried out a microscale organic synthesis reaction and suspect that you have a mixture of products in your 0.4 mL sample. All your suspected products have boiling points over 280^oC but different polarities. You would like to check to see if your sample is a mixture and what the relative concentrations of the different components of the mixture are without using all of your product. What technique would work best?
	5. You work in a quality analysis laboratory and are asked to determine if a 0.2 mLsample of gasoline has any heptane (boiling point 98.4^oC) in it. You have reference sample of all liquid alkanes commonly present in gasoline to use for comparison. What technique would work best for separating the components of gasoline and identifying any heptane present?
	6. You have a sample of a solid pigment extract from a blue flower petal that you want to analyze to see if the color comes from one pigment molecule or a mixture. You know these pigment molecules are normally large and have high boiling points but that they often have enough differences in functional groups to make their polarities different. Your laboratory's HPLC ihas been sent out for repair? What other technique would be best to use for this? A. melting point determination B. distillation C. reflux D. high pressure liquid chromatagraphy E. gas chromatography F. thin layer chromatography

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Vinegar titration

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Exaplain why a water hammer is bad and what is it used for?

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What are the basic principles of FAA and ICP-OES, and what is the difference between them?

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You have just isolated a new strain of Gram negative bacteria that can catabolize the sugar...

You have just isolated a new strain of Gram negative bacteria that can catabolize the sugar aspartame. Genome comparisons to all other strains don't provide any insight into the identity of this pathway. 1) Describe an experiment to identify the pathway coding for aspartame catabolism 2) Describe an experiment to move this pathway into E. coli 3) Given what we learned in class, describe how this pathway is likely positively regulated and where promoter sequence would be 4) Describe an experiment to phenotypically confirm how this pathway is regulated using a SCREEN involving styrene catabolism 5) Describe an experiment to phenotypically confirm how this pathway is regulated using a SELECTION involving LacZ

Please list relevant strain/plasmid names, or draw/describe your own custom plasmids for these experiments

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An orange grove in Florida is exposed to a cold front causing a sudden change in...

An orange grove in Florida is exposed to a cold front causing a sudden change in air
temperature from 25C to 0C. How long will it take for the oranges to reach 3C in
the center? Assume that the oranges are spherical with a radius of 4 cm, the thermal
conductivity of the orange is 0.6 W/mC, specific heat of the orange is 4.18 kJ/
kgC, the density of the orange is 1,000 kg/m3, the thermal conductivity of the air is
0.027 W/mC, the density of air is 1.17 kg/m3, the specific heat of air is 1 kJ/kgC,
and the heat transfer coefficient between orange and still air is 0.675 W/m2C.

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A gaseous fuel mixture stored at 745 mmHg and 298 K contains only methane(CH4) and propane...

A gaseous fuel mixture stored at 745 mmHg and 298 K contains only methane(CH4) and propane (C3H8). When 12.6 L of this fuel mixture burns, it produces 761 kJ of heat. The enthalpy of combustion for CH4(g) is ?802.5kJ. The enthalpy of combustion for C3H8(g) is ?2043.9kJ. What is the mole fraction of methane in the mixture?

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a) What are the two primary mechanisms of mass transfer (molecular transport)? b) If ???? is...

a) What are the two primary mechanisms of mass transfer (molecular transport)?

b) If ??_?? is positive, is species ?? being consumed or generated by the reaction?

c) Are gas-phase diffusivities smaller or larger than liquid-phase diffusivities, and why?

d) What is a heterogeneous reaction? Describe the difference between a reaction-limited and mass-transfer-limited heterogeneous reaction.

e) If the diffusivity is increased, with all else held constant in a tubular heterogeneous reactor, would the diffusion boundary-layer thickness increase or decrease?

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