Question

A)What is Artificial intelligence (AI)? What is the primary goal of AI? How AI is related to Expert Systems?

B)What is knowledge management (KM)? Explain the differences between the two fundamental approaches to knowledge management.

Answer 1

A) Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work and react like humans.

These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using the information),
reasoning (using the rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions),  and self-correction.
Particular applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition and machine vision.
Goals:
To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.

To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating systems that understand, think, learn, and behave like humans

Goal is to enable the development of computers that are able to do things normally done by people -- in particular, things associated with people acting intelligently.
AI is related to Expert Systems:
Expert system is an artificial intelligence program that has expert-level knowledge about a particular domain and knows how to use its knowledge to respond properly. Domain refers to the area within which the task is being performed. Ideally the expert systems should substitute a human expert

The expert systems is a branch of AI designed to work within a particular domain. As an expert is a person who can solve a problem with the domain knowledge in hands it should be able to solve problems at the level of a human expert.

B) Knowledge is a Processed form of information. knowledge management is both a science and a field of activity.

KM is the systematic management of an organization's knowledge assets for the purpose of creating value and meeting tactical & strategic requirements; it consists of the initiatives, processes, strategies, and systems that sustain and enhance the storage, assessment, sharing, refinement, and creation of knowledge.

Differences between the two fundamental approaches to knowledge management:

Two fundamental approaches are Process and Product.

The “Product”approach implies that knowledge is a thing that can be located and manipulated as an independent object.

The “Process” approach puts emphasis on ways to promote,motivate,encourage, nurture or guide the process of knowing,and abolishes the idea of trying to capture and distribute knowledge.

Product	Process
1) Product Knowledge is represented as objects.The emphasis is on capturing,organizing and sharing knowledge objects.Utilization of products and systems that contain codified knowledge	1) Process Knowledge is associated with the individual that owns it.Knowledge sharing is accomplished through human contacts and relations codified knowledge
2) Exploitation of organized,codified and easily reusable knowledge.Linking of people with systems that capture and disseminate knowledge	2) Exploitation and empowerment of individual and team knowledge. Development of networks for linking people,promotion and facilitation of discussions so that tacit knowledge can be shared
3) Employment of professionals who are well suited to the reuse of knowledge.Training is facilitated passively (through courses, presentations and computer-based courses).Rewarding focuses on using and contributing to the organization’s knowledge base.	3) Employment of highly creative professionals who work in teams.Training is facilitated through on-the-job learning, group brainstorming sessions and one-to-one mentoring.Rewarding focuses on group performance and knowledge sharing between professionals