Question

Although we do not have for most diseases, we do have vaccines for several. List 3 each bacteria, DNA viruses, and RNA viruses that we have approved vaccines for use in humans in the United States. For each you must say which it is, bacteria, DNA virus, or RNA virus.

Answer 1

Although we do not have for most diseases, we do have vaccines for several. List 3 each bacteria, DNA viruses, and RNA viruses that we have approved vaccines for use in humans in the United States. For each you must say which it is, bacteria, DNA virus, or RNA virus.

Ans

A biological preparation used to provide acquired immunity against infectious diseases either caused by bacteria or viruses is called a vaccine. A vaccine is prepared by either heat killing or attenuating the microbe causing the disease which will damage its surface proteins because of which the disease causing ability of the microbe is lost. When vaccine is administered to a person, his immune system wil recognise it as threat and destroy it. Later, if that same person encounters with the same microbe or infection in future it can easily recognise the microorganism and destroy it.

Till date many vaccines have been developed against various diseases caused by bacteria, DNA viruses, RNA viruses. Below are examples of some of the approved vaccines by the United states of America:

Vaccines against bacterial infection:

Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine : It is also called Hib vaccine and is prepared against the Haemophilus influenzae bacteria that causes Haemophilus influenzae type B disease. This bacteria is gram negative, anerobic facultative pathogen.

Cholera Vaccine: This vaccine is prepared to fight against the bacterium vibrio cholere that causes a disease called cholera. It is a gram negative comma shaped bacterium which is found living in saltwater or brackish water.  The US food and drug administration has approved the use of this vaccine against cholera.

DTap vaccine: A combination vaccine developed against 3 diseases namely diptheria, pertusis and tetanus. The vaccine is comprised of diptheria and teatnus toxoids and whole killed cells of the bacterium that causes pertusis. Diotheria, tetanus and pertusis are caused by corynebacterium diptheriae, clostridium tetani and bordetella pertussis.

Vaccines against DNA virus infection:

The viruses that contain DNA as their genetic material are called DNA viruses. The DNA in these viruses can be either single stranded or double stranded. Some of the examples of DNA viruses are Cytomegalo virus( CMV), Herpes simplex virus( HSV), Hepatitis B virus ,Human papiloma Virus( HPV) and some Adenoviruses. Some of which have approved vaccines are as follows:

Hepatitis B Vaccine: A vaccine that is developed against Hepatitis B infection caused by Hepatitis B virus that has small enveloped DNA as its genetic material. Hepatitis B infection is a common disease in USA, therefore US food and drug administration has approved its use in the USA. This vaccine has proved to give 90% protection against the virus.

HPV vaccine: A vaccine that is developed against Human papilomavirus with small non enveloped DNA virus as its genetic material. This virus infects skin and mucosal cells. US FDA approved Gardasil, the  first HPV vaccine which proved affective against four strains of HPV- 6, 11, 16 and 18.

Vaccines against RNA virus infection: The viruses that RNA as their genetic material are called RNA viruses. Some examples of RNA viruses are Polio, rabies, hepatitis C, influenza etc.

Polio vaccine: A vaccine prepared against a disease called poliomyelits caused by Poliovirus. The oral polio vaccine has been used in USA from 1963 to 2000. There were no cases of polio in USA since 1979. Since 2000 Inactivated polio vaccine( IPV) is the only polio vaccine used in USA.

Rabies Vaccine: A vaccine that is prepared against Rabies lyssavirus which is usually transmitted through a dog bite. Two Rabies vaccines have been approved for use in the United states.

Influenza vaccine: A vaccine that is pepared against influenza virus which is known to cause common viral infection. US FDA has approved FLU vaccine that contains an adjuvant for use in adults who are above 65 years.

Vaccines against DNA virus infection:

The viruses that contain DNA as their genetic material are called DNA viruses. The DNA in these viruses can be either single stranded or double stranded. Some of the examples of DNA viruses are Cytomegalo virus( CMV), Herpes simplex virus( HSV), Hepatitis B virus ,Human papiloma Virus( HPV) and some Adenoviruses. Some of which have approved vaccines are as follows:

Hepatitis B Vaccine: A vaccine that is developed against Hepatitis B infection caused by Hepatitis B virus that has small enveloped DNA as its genetic material. Hepatitis B infection is a common disease in USA, therefore US food and drug administration has approved its use in the USA. This vaccine has proved to give 90% protection against the virus.

HPV vaccine: A vaccine that is developed against Human papilomavirus with small non enveloped DNA virus as its genetic material. This virus infects skin and mucosal cells. US FDA approved Gardasil, the  first HPV vaccine which proved affective against four strains of HPV- 6, 11, 16 and 18.

Vaccines against RNA virus infection: The viruses that RNA as their genetic material are called RNA viruses. Some examples of RNA viruses are Polio, rabies, hepatitis C, influenza etc.

Polio vaccine: A vaccine prepared against a disease called poliomyelits caused by Poliovirus. The oral polio vaccine has been used in USA from 1963 to 2000. There were no cases of polio in USA since 1979. Since 2000 Inactivated polio vaccine( IPV) is the only polio vaccine used in USA.

Rabies Vaccine: A vaccine that is prepared against Rabies lyssavirus which is usually transmitted through a dog bite. Two Rabies vaccines have been approved for use in the United states.

Influenza vaccine: A vaccine that is pepared against influenza virus which is known to cause common viral infection. US FDA has approved FLU vaccine that contains an adjuvant for use in adults who are above 65 years.