Question

Compare and contrast (1) the procedural/functional approach (defining a function for each operation with the function body providing a case for each data variant) and (2) the object-oriented approach (defining a class for each data variant with the class definition providing a method for each operation). (250 own words)

Answer 1

Difference between Procedural/ functional approach and the object oriented approach.

In procedural approach a function is defined for each operation with the function body providing a case for each data variant and in object oriented approach a class is defined for each data variant with the class definition providing a method for each operations.

The major differences are given below.

SI No.	Approach	Procedural Approach	Object Oriented Approach
1	Design	Define a procedure or function for all operations and call them during evaluation. The concept used is structured programming	The programs are designed using the concept of Objects, which contains data in the form of attributes and codes.
2	Division	Here the program is divided into functions	Here the program are divided into objects
3	Model	Follows declarative programming model	Follows imperative programming model
4	Execution	Follows a systematic step by step approach to execute methods and functions	Various functions can call simultaneously
5	Process	The approach used in procedural oriented programming is Top Down Approach	The approach used is Bottom Up Approach
6	Linking	Different part of the program are interconnected by parameter passing	The functions of the objects are connected by message passing
7	Data sharing	Global data is shared among the functions	Data is shared among the objects through the member function
8	Importance	Give more importance to function than data	Give more importance to data than function
9	Security	Less secure, in the sense that there is no proper way for data hiding	Highly secure, data hiding is there
10	Overloading	Both operator overloading and function overloading are not supported in procedure approach	Overloads functions, operators and constructor
11	Inheritance	There is no provision of inheritance and hence there is no concept of access specifiers	Inheritance is used with the concept of access specifiers like private, public and protected are used here
12	Support	Support parallel programming	Does not support parallel programming
13	Modification	Adding a new function is not easy	Adding a new object is easy
14	Based on	Based on unreal world	Based on real world
15	Example	Eg. C, Fortan, Pascal, Basic	Eg. C++, Java, Python

From the table it is clear that Object oriented approach has a little edge over Procedural approach in the sense of data security, ease of use, accessibility etc.