Question

review the research on fan violence, citing a specific example in the sport of your choice (including the URL). Fans have become more actively involved in spectator events in recent years (passive involvement vs. active involvement).

Answer 1

This research shows that many psychological and other social factors like alcoholism, behaviour, racism, nationality etc.
Fans may go to the host city without the intention of watching sport but they gather in the fan zones and public sites.
Active involvement of fans in with their celebrities or teams may cause abnormal manic behaviour and obsession for the particular celebrity.
Fans' involvement may become very violent and aggressive. During the match, the aggressive fan may create chaos and often many crimes.
For example, Fan of Cristiano Ronaldo is so obsessive with him and when he hit the goal they are one so excited and many fans may create chaise and violence if their team lose the match.
Passive involvement of fans is also present. they associate their beliefs with his favourite celebrities. Fans are loyal to their ideal and their localities are affected by many factors.
For example fans of Ronaldo often copy the style and appearance of Renaldo. They also buy products that are associated with their ideal.
References:
Strang, Lucy, Garrett Baker, Jack Pollard, and Joanna Hofman, Violent and Antisocial Behaviours at Football Events and Factors Associated with these Behaviours: A rapid evidence assessment. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2018.
URL: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports