Question

Could someone please assist me with the following?

In the PBS film ,“The Vaccine Wars.” The film explores a timely and important topic in public health which has sparked passionate debate and controversy.

A What was the initial Hypothesis put forth by the Generation Rescue group? What was the evidence that a group association existed and which led to this hypothesis?

B.What is the evidence, if any, that an Individual Association exists?

C. Describe the evidence, if any, that the “cause” precedes the “effect.”

D. Discuss the evidence, if any, that altering the “cause” will alter the “effect.”

E. Identify any supportive or ancillary criteria that might support the hypothesis.

Answer 1

Generation Rescue is a nonprofit organization established in 2005. The organization targets autism, Aspergers syndrome, ADHD, speech delay, sensory integration disorder and other developmental delays. Their first hypothesis cites that autism is caused by a rising use of thimerosal and heavy metals, such as mercury, mainly through vacines like MMR which contain this as preservative. It is funded and managed by its organizing members, which include more than 350 families throughout the world who state that they are joined on a mission to "share the truth with parents about the cause of their child’s developmental disabilities so they can focus on treatment.”

Generation Rescue believes that autism and other developmental issues are actually misdiagnoses for mercury poisoning and blames thimerosal, a vaccine preservative, as the primary source of the poisoning. The organization cites that a rising use of thimerosal correlates with the autism epidemic and claims that biomedical intervention can cure these various ailments. Because of Generation Rescue's public profile through national advertising and because its point of view is not shared by the mainstream medical community, their message has been controversial. While they claim that their position is supported by published research, other research has been shown to support the contrary, fueling the controversy.

The group has collected scientific papers, opinion pieces, and journalistic reports to substantiate their case of the role of heavy metal poisoning in autism, all of which are presented on their website. The publications cited by Generation Rescue are poorly regarded by mainstream medicine, however. Their first cited paper, 'Autism: A Novel Form of Poisoning' was published in Medical Hypothesis in 2001. This paper underwent a comprehensive refutation in Pediatrics. It also contains references to individuals who wished to disassociate their work from Generation Rescue and references to work published in non-PubMed indexed publications such as Medical Science Monitor and JPANDS. The group advocates the use of biomedical intervention and other autism therapies to help reverse autistic symptoms. Although some characterize the group as focused only on chelation therapy, Generation Rescue states that they promote dietary change and supplementation, toxin reduction, and many different forms of detoxification.
Generation Rescue has developed a mentoring program, 'Rescue Angels', for other parents. These 'Rescue Angels' are parents of autistic spectrum children who agree with the organisations methods, willing to help other parents in treating their children, sharing expertise, local knowledge and experience. They are parents of children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder who have either recovered their own children and/or are currently treating their children biomedically.
As of January of 2007, more than 350 families serve as Rescue Angels for other families. According to Generation Rescue, more than 10,000 new families have begun treating their children due to Generation Rescue's Rescue Angels.

Lack of peer-reviewed research
Some claim that Generation Rescue bases much of their case on publications that do not go through a proper peer review process. The works cited by Generation Rescue are criticized as being poorly regarded by mainstream medicine. In particular, the first article Generation Rescue cites in the Evidence section of its website, "Autism: A Novel Form of Mercury Poisoning" has been disputed. While Generation Rescue claims to support its position with scientific publications, the Institute of Medicine, a subsidiary of the National Academy of Sciences, issued a report rejecting any link between mercury from vaccines and autism. Maureen McCormick, chairperson of the committee noted, "While the committee strongly supports research that focuses on achieving a better understanding of autism, we recommend that future research be directed toward other lines of inquiry that are supported by current knowledge and evidence, and that offer more promise for finding an answer." In response, Generation Rescue claims that they cite 23 peer-reviewed publications in the Scientific Evidence section of their website. Generation Rescue also points to an email written by Marie McCormick where she writes: "The committee accepts that under certain conditions, infections and heavy metals, including thimerosal, can injure the nervous system."
Chelation
Bradford Handley, a Generation Rescue founder, claims that autism symptoms can be reversed using chelation. This is in contradiction of the scientific capabilities of chelation, as evidenced by at least one study. The Encyclopedia of Children's Health states that "the chelation process can only halt further effects of the poisoning; it cannot reverse neurological damage already sustained." In response to this criticism, Generation Rescue has cited the Autism Research Institute and their parental survey regarding chelation and other biomedical therapies. Since 1967, The Autism Research Institute has collected "Parent Ratings of Behavioral Effects of Biomedical Interventions." According to their data, over 24,500 parent responses have been collected and of the first 470 parents who reported on the efficacy of chelation, 75% reported "good" results.
Disassociation of cited researchers  
Generation Rescue's second New York Times advertisement had to undergo one alteration due to one scientist who asked to be removed from the ad. Also, after the ad ran, several of the scientists thanked in the ad wanted to disassociate their work from the mercury/autism connection. This group of scientists wrote: "we believe GenerationRescue’s advertisement, at first appearance an innocuous gesture of appreciation, may actually mislead the public into thinking that the mercury-autism hypothesis has stronger support in the scientific literature than it actually does." One of the scientists who signed that letter asking not to be associated with the mercury/autism hypothesis, Martha Herbert, is still frequently cited by Generation Rescue and others as a supporter. During the controversy over the advertisement, Bradford Handley responded, "We stand by the ad and the gratitude we feel for each of the people named. We understand that investigating the connection between mercury and autism does not make you very popular in the lunchroom, and we appreciate the needs of all researchers to put food on the table.”
Claims of inaccurate statistics
Generation Rescue's home page has been criticized for containing inaccuracies regarding the prevalence of autism. As of 2006, it claimed that the prevalence of autism in the 1970s was 1 in 10,000. In reality, the prevalence of autism was known to be 4-5 in 10,000 in the 1960s. Additionally, the site does not clarify that the prevalence of 1 in 166 is for ASD, not Kanner autism as is the lower prevalence number. The increase of 6000% (60 times) claimed in the GR home page should be about 1200% (12 times) if the lower prevalence number is corrected.

Hope this helps you in framing your answer.