Question

There are many ethical issues that face the healthcare industry. For this paper, please choose one of the following topics below and research ethical issues or dilemas facing this particular area of healthcare. Describe the issue, determine some of the causes, identify current policy and/or regulations to remedy the issue, and give examples you would propose to fix the issue. • Personnel and health providers • Health facilities • Public versus private health care • For-profit and non-profit provision of health care

Answer 1

ETHICAL ISSUES IN HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY

INTRODUCTION

Health is a complete state of physical, Mental and Social wellbeing not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. According to the Goal Health for All it is everyones need that they have to be healthy. To maintain health there are many private and public health sectors are available. They focus on preventive, curative and promotive services. But the sectors work under moral philosophy and principles to deal with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation.

ETHICS IN HEATH CARE INDUSTRY

Ethical issues are problem or situation which requires a person or an institution to choose betweeen alternatives that ought to be evaluated asethical or unethical. Health care industries face different thical issues depend upon the locality and health care practices. Some of the common ethical issues are

• Respecting cultural and religious beliefs
• Shortage of Physician and other health care personnel
• Shortage of health care infrastucture
• Malpractice by un qualifies practitioners
• Euthonesia
• Failure to get informed consent and to give explanation etc...........

RESPECTING CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

Religions are collections of ideas, practices, values and stories are all embedded in cultures and not separaable from them. Religions are belief systems that relate humanity to spirituality and sometimes to moral values. People differ in culture and they are more sensitive in theis aspect. .Culture determines what to eat, what to speak, how to behave, how to communicate, how to love and how to live. Cultal belief includes a number of factors personal data, communications, cognitiveness, mental ability,actions etc.... Health care is a complex issue. Science focus that human populations are governed by biologic universals that transcend cultural boundaries. As a health personnel Physician or other health workers should respect their patients culture. To respect culture and religion health personnedl need to understand the values and beliefs of a patient to respond to meet the health needs of diverse patient.

HEALTH CARE ISSUES

The presence of patients from multicultural and multiethnic background may cause issues in health care setting.

The main issues are language and cultural differences. It is hard for an individual to know the norms and rules of communication of all subcultures. Some obstacles can prevent good patient and health care relationship are

1. Anxiety makes a person to avoid communicate
2. Assumption that all cultures are same
3. Ethnocentriscm
4. Making positive or negative judgement about a patient without clarification.

EVIDENCED BASED RESEARCH VIEW

Cochran, Saleem, Khowaia- Puniwani, Lantos JD (2017) conducted a cross sectional study to identify cultural difference in communication among dying patient with a Pakistani immigrant family , two Pakistani health professional and a American Doctor. The study conclude that sticking on western culture is not a good choice. Instead, an approach based on cultural humility may often allow people on both sides of a cultural divide to learn from one another.

CAUSES OF HEALTH ISSUES REGARDING CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

Unawareness of difference inracial, cultural and social facors

If the health worker is not aware about the details of patient or not competent to identify the cultural differnce it creates major issues in health care industry.

Cultural Imposition.

Cultural imposition are forcing others to follow ones culltural values and beliefs thinking that their belifs and morals are superior than others.

Cultural shock

Cultural shock is a sudden transition from familiar environment to unfamiliar environment. If a patient experience this health care industry may have issues in managing the patient.

Lack of Health care policy

If a health care has no proper policy and rules and regulations for health workers, it can not have control over the patients and workers.

EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL ISSUES

• Organ donation: Jewish oppose fort organ donation. According to their culture the body should be burried as a whole.
• Family planning: Islamians are not in favour of family planning
• Eye Contact: Chienese paitent will not maintain eye contact while speaking they look down where as American,Indian,Pakistani etc maintain direct eye contact.

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP

Not a single sector can meet asll the health needs of population without health issues. to solve the issues both private and public sectors should work together and need to have common protocols and policies to avoid the ethical issues regardin cultural and religious beliefs.

PROFIT AND NON PROFIT OF HEALTH CARE

Its is very hard to mention that some of the health industries work for their profit. They do not have adequate qualified health personnel. If they appoint qualified health personnel they would be having adequate knowledge about transcultural health care.

CONCLUSION

Every human have right to get treatment according to their cultural and religious beliefs. Health care industry should understand this to avoid unnecessry issues.