Question

Subject: International Market and Trade.

Explain why were the following sanctions imposed:

1.The United Nations sanctions against South Africa.

2.United Nations sanctions against Zimbabwe.

3.United Nations sanctions against Iraq (1990–2003)

4.the United States embargo against Cuba.

Answer 1

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1.The United Nations sanctions against South Africa.

The South African government has devised a range of tactics to circumvent the embargo and acquire military equipment and materials it could not freely procure. In 1986 Resolution 591 of the United Nations Security Council was adopted to prolong the embargo and to close some of the loopholes. In a similar position, South Africa shared military technologies with other nations, especially through the Israel – South Africa Agreement, as well as with Taiwan, Morocco, Indonesia, Argentina and Iran. From 1977 to 1991, Morocco was involved in exporting French technology, French armaments and designs to South Africa, and the Moroccan Armed Forces and Police were educated in exchange by South African Forces and specialists. Of this reason the USA placed the prohibition.

2.United Nations sanctions against Zimbabwe.

The events of the first and second rounds of the Zimbabwean presidential election, which ZANU-PF's Robert Mugabe won on 27 June 2008 after his Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) opponent, Morgan Tsvangirai, withdrew from the process and proclaimed it unconstitutional, triggered reactions from several foreign bodies. The poll has also been criticized by other Zimbabwean groups. In a statement on 29 June, the South African Development Community (SADC) criticized the election, saying that it "did not reflect the will of the Zimbabwean people" and that "the prevalent climate impeded the legitimacy of the electoral process." On 29 June Desmond Tutu said there was "a very strong reason" for sending "an international peace-building force" to Zimbabwe. On 30 June, Kenyan Prime Minister Raila Odinga called for Zimbabwe to be suspended from the African Union (AU) until free and fair elections are held in Zimbabwe; he also called for a new election in the presence of the peacekeepers. Immediately after the election, U.S. President George W. Bush said on June 28, 2008 that the U.S. would place new sanctions on "this unconstitutional government of Zimbabwe and its backers," calling for an international weapons embargo on Zimbabwe and banning representatives of its government from traveling.

3.United Nations sanctions against Iraq (1990–2003)

The sanctions against Iraq is a quasi-total financial and economic blockade put on Ba'athist Iraq by the UN Security Council. These began on 6 August 1990, four days after Iraq's occupation of Kuwait, remained largely in effect until 22 May 2003 (after Saddam Hussein's being driven out of power), and continued partly through the present, including reparations to Kuwait. The original specified aims of the sanctions were to compel Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait, pay reparations, and report and remove any weapons of mass destruction.

4. The United States embargo against Cuba.

Currently the United States imposes a diplomatic, cultural, and financial embargo on Cuba. During the Fulgencio Batista regime, the United States first imposed an embargo on the export of arms to Cuba on 14 March 1958. Once again, on October 19, 1960 (nearly two years after the Cuban Revolution had led to the Batista regime's deposition) the U.S. put an embargo on exports to Cuba except for food and medicine after Cuba nationalized Cuban oil refineries without compensation. The embargo was extended on 7 February 1962 to cover almost all exports. The embargo will not restrict food trade and the provision of humanitarian assistance.

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