Question

8.      Explain the difference between passive and active deception. Briefly explain why a researcher might find it necessary to use deception in a research study.

12.  Explain the advantages and disadvantages of a stratified random sample compared with a proportionate stratified random sample.

13.  Describe the four types of hidden population recruitment techniques and give an example of a research question that might make use of each one.

14.  Describe the basic distinction between probability sampling and nonprobability sampling and explain why most psychology research uses nonprobability methods.

15.  Define experimenter bias, demand characteristics, and reactivity, and explain how these artifacts can threaten both internal and external validity. Explain the difference between selection bias and assignment bias and indicate which type of validity is threatened by each.

Answer 1

• ANSWER-In research active deception refers to when the researcher presents some misinformation about the study to the subjects,whereas passive deception refers to when the researcher withholds or omits some information about the study and does not tells the subjects intentionally.It involves intentionally misleading the participants by not telling them important information about the study.
• For example,researcher observing the participants behaviour from behind a mirror,and the participants are not informed about.
• Active deception involves intentionally providing false and inaccurate information,for example,in order to induce stress in the participants they would be asked to give a speech which would be evaluated by the observers on video,when in reality their speeches wont be recorded.
• Deception is used in researches to increase its scientifc validity,so that unbiased data is received from the study with regard to subjects behaviours and attitudes,since if all the information is disclosed to the subjects it could lead to biased results.It is an effective tool to improve research results,but it has its ethical concerns related with subject autonomy,respect for the person and issues with informed consent.To overcome the issues,it is important for the researchers to do a debriefing session after the research is over,to inform the participants about the details of the study.
• Due to time limit,remaining questions can be asked as another question,they will be answered,thankyou for your cooperation