Question

1. What is septicemia and how is it different from bacteremia?

2. How do the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems survey tissues for infection?

3. How is plague transmitted?

4. Explain the symptoms associated with the three forms of disease cause by Yersinia pestis.

5. How is plague treated?

6. How is malaria transmitted?

7. What are the symptoms of malaria?

8. How can malaria be prevented?

9. What causes mono?

10. Where does the causitive agent of mono replicate?

11. What are classic symptoms of mono?

12. List all of the ways HIV can be transmitted.

13. Where is HIV infection still occurring?

14. What is the treatment for HIV?

Answer 1

1. Bacteremia is the circulation of bacteria in the blood. Whereas Septicemia is the condition where bacteria circulate and multiply in the blood, form toxic products and cause high swinging type of fever

2. The blood is the part of cardiovascular system. Blood contains cells like erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. Leucocytes are the one which are helping in the body to fight against the infection. When the leucocytes find that some tissue in the body is having some foreign antigen (organism) it sends it leukocytes to sense the antigen and carry it to the lymphoid organs which are the sites where the T lymphocytes mature. They present the antigen and subsequently an immune response is generated so that the infection can be controlled. Lymphatic system involves lymphoid organs, reticulo endothelial system like spleen. They contain macrophages which phagocytose the infection causing organisms.

3. Plague is a zoonotic disease. The plague bacillus that is Yersinia pestis is naturally present in rodents. Infection is transmitted among them by rat fleas. The fleas acquired infection by feeding on infected rodents. In the flea the bacilli multiply in the stomach to such an extent that they block the proventriculus. when search a blocked flea bites another road and it cannot suck in blood because a bacterial mass blocks passage mechanically. blood mixed with the bacteria is regurgitated into the bite,transmitting the infection. when the disease rat dies, the fleas leave the carcass and in the absence of another rat may bite human beings causing plague.

4. Bubonic plague:- The inguinal nodes become enlarged. High fever with rigors and chills. Bleeding into skin and mucosa. Later, gangrene of skin, fingers.

Pneumonic Plague:- Bloody mucoid sputum suggestive of Hemorrhagic pneumonia.

Septicemic plague:- Pharyngitis. Fever with rigors and chills. Meningitis.

5. early treatment with antibiotics like streptomycin doxycycline and chloramphenicol are effective. For chemoprophylaxis co-trimoxazole or tetracycline are given for 5 days orally.