Question

1. What are the defenses that lie within the skin to prevent and stop infection?

2. What areas of the skin are vulnerable to infection?

3. Name at least three bacteria that are normal microbiota of the skin.

4. How does the eye prevent and stop infection?

5. Name some of the anatomical regions of the eye.

6. What infections do MRSA cause?

7. How is MRSA different from regular Staphylococcus aureus?

8. How is MRSA treated?

9. What is gangrene (infectious or not)?

10. What is the etiological agent of gas gangrene?

11. What conditions must be present for gas gangrene to develop?

12. How is gas gangrene treated?

13. What is the etiological agent of small pox?

14. What are the typical signs and symptoms of small pox infection?

15. How was small pox eradicated?

16. What organism is responsible for trachoma?

17. How is it transmitted?

18. Name the vector for trachoma.

Other diseases

Make sure you can identify the etiological agent, transmission, pathogenesis, and treatment of:

• Acne
• Impetigo
• Chickenpox
• Measles
• Rubella
• Scarlet Fever
• Warts
• Ringworm
• Conjunctivitis

Answer 1

Q.1. 1. What are the defenses that lie within the skin to prevent and stop infection?

Ans. Skin Acts as the first line of defence against infections. It serve as a ptotective barrier against the entry of various pathogens can prevent the infections by following ways-

1) The epidermis which is the outer layer of the skin acts as a physical barrier so that the microorgnisms cannot enter the body visa skin.

2) Skin contains sabaceous glands that keeps the skin water proof by secreting sebum. Sebum is oily secretion of the sebaceous glands that keep the skin moisturised as a result of which bacteria and pathogens cannot enter through the skin.

3) The epidermis of the skin contain a layer stratum corneum which helps in protection against the absorption of harmful substances .

4) The epidermis of skin has langerhans cells that are specialised in identifying the harmful substances and processing their harmful effects by presenting them to the white blood cells.

5) Skin contains an important pigment known as melanin , which helps by filtering the UV rays, otherwise UV rays can be very dangerous to our skin and may cause even cancer.

Q.2. What areas of the skin are vulnerable to infection?

Ans. As we know that epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, when the epidermis comes in contact with any chemical, acid base, the cells of the epidermis are disrupted and that makes the protective barrier weak. When the barrier weakens infection can easily enter through the skin. We should keep the skin moisturised and clean as if the skin is not clean it is more prone to infection. If the pH of the skin increases the skin is more prone to bacterial invasion.

Q.3. Name at least three bacteria that are normal microbiota of the skin.

Ans. Normal microbiota of the skin: Normal microbiota are calles as normal flora of the skin. they are the microorganisms that are found in every indivisual right after the birth until that indivisual dies.They are found on any anatomical site of the body and does not cause any disease. the three normal microbiota of the skin are following-

a)Cornibacterium- skin

b) Staphylococcus epidermis- Skin

c) Moraxella Spp.- normal flora of conjuctiva

Q.4 How does the eye prevent and stop infection?

Ans. 4. Eye can prevent infection in the following ways

1) The eyelashes acts as a physical barrier by preventing the dust particles and small insects to enter into the eye, the blinking af an eye is a reflex action to even slightest of response.

2) The eyelids also act as physical barrier to small infection causing particles, insects, and the eyelid reflex is trigerred by sight.

3) when we blink the eyelids, tears are spread on to the surface of the eye from the lacreaml gland present in the eye. Tear contains the enzyme lysozyme which when encounters any bacteria hydrolyses the wll of bacteria nullifying the infection.

Note : Kindly put other questions separately.