Homogeneous broadening, as opposed
to inhomogeneous broadening, refers to effects which increase the
optical linewidth of an electronic transition by equally affecting
different radiating or absorbing atoms, ions or molecules. The
spectral shape of the transition cross sections of all involved
atoms are then equal.
Some common cases with homogeneous
broadening are as follows:
- Isolated non-moving atoms or ions
exhibit transitions with a natural linewidth, resulting
from the finite lifetimes of the energy levels involved.
- In a gas (e.g. of a gas laser), all
atoms or molecules of some species experience the same average rate
of collisions, which lead to collisional broadening.
- In many laser crystals,
laser-active ions can occupy only one type of site in the crystal
lattice. (This applies e.g. to Nd3+ ions in Nd:YAG.) The
interaction of such ions with the crystal lattice via phonons then
affects all these ions equally. Rapid transitions between the
sublevels of the involved Stark level manifolds lead to strongly
reduced sublevel lifetimes, and thus to linewidth values which are
orders of magnitude larger than the natural linewidth as expected
from the lifetimes of the whole Stark level manifolds.
Homogeneous broadening is strongly
related to homogeneous saturation in laser gain media.